Law on E-Commerce 2025, No. 122/2025/QH15

LAW

On E-Commerce¹

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which has a number of articles amended and supplemented under Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly promulgates the Law on E-Commerce.

Chapter I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of regulation

This Law provides policies on e-commerce development; e-commerce platforms and responsibilities of organisations and individuals engaged in e-commerce activities; e-commerce involving foreign elements; responsibilities of organisations providing e-commerce support services; and the application of technology in the management and handling of violations in e-commerce.

Article 2. Subjects of application

This Law applies to domestic and foreign organisations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities in Vietnam.

Article 3. Interpretation of terms

In this Law, the terms below are construed as follows:

1. E-commerce activity means a commercial activity conducted partly or wholly in the electronic environment.

2. E-commerce platform means a digital platform that is established to conduct e-commerce activities; e-commerce platforms include direct-selling e-commerce platforms, intermediary e-commerce platforms, social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities, and e-commerce integration platforms.

3. Direct-selling e-commerce platform means an e-commerce platform that is established by an organisation or individual to directly sell goods or provide services.

4. Intermediary e-commerce platform means an e-commerce platform that allows other organisations and individuals to register accounts to introduce or sell goods or provide services on such platform.

5. Social media platform conducting e-commerce activities means a social media platform that is integrated with at least one of the following functions: online communication, online ordering, and livestream selling, in order to support contract conclusion and conduct e-commerce activities.

6. E-commerce integration platform means an e-commerce platform that enables the integration of other e-commerce platforms on such platform, excluding platforms that only provide e-commerce support or online communication services for the e-commerce integration platform itself.

7. E-commerce platform operator means an organisation or individual that has the right to manage and operate, and is responsible for all activities of, an e-commerce platform.

8. Online ordering function means a function of e-commerce platforms that enables the conclusion of electronic contracts on such platforms.

9. Online communication function means a function of e-commerce platforms that enables parties to exchange information through text messages, images, videos or voice messages, and make voice calls or video calls.

10. Livestream selling means live and online broadcasting on e-commerce platforms to transmit content in the form of audio and images for the purpose of advertising or introducing goods or services and enabling orders to be placed through the online ordering function on such platforms.

11. Sales livestream host means a person who directly appears on an e-commerce platform to conduct livestream selling.

12. Affiliate marketing services in e-commerce means the advertising of goods or services through access links, referral codes or similar methods linked to e-commerce platforms.

13. Organisation or individual providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce means an organisation or individual that creates access links, referral codes or similar methods for linking to e-commerce platforms.

14. Affiliate marketer in e-commerce means a person who introduces goods or services on a digital platform through access links, referral codes or similar methods created by an organisation or individual providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce.

15. Electronic contract authentication services in commerce means third-party services for storing and certifying the integrity of electronic contracts.

16. Automated contract means an electronic contract concluded through an automated information system.

Article 4. Application of the Law on E-Commerce and relevant laws

1. E-commerce activities in Vietnam must comply with this Law, the Commercial Law, other relevant laws, and treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party.

2. Banking services, payment intermediary services, securities dealing services on digital platforms, commodity exchanges, and online application stores must comply with relevant laws and are not required to comply with this Law.

3. Organisations providing payment services and payment intermediary services in support of e-commerce on digital platforms must comply with Article 35 of this Law and other relevant laws.

Article 5. Principles in e-commerce activities

1. Organisations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities have the right to freedom of contract in establishing, performing and terminating the rights and obligations of each party in e-commerce activities in adherence to fundamental principles of commercial activities, provided that they do neither violate prohibitions prescribed by law nor run counter to social morality.

2. Entities participating in e-commerce activities shall comply with this Law and the laws on services, product and goods quality, standards and technical regulations, data, cybersecurity, advertising, tax, protection of consumer interests, and competition, and other relevant laws.

3. E-commerce activities are not limited geographically, unless organisations or individuals themselves limit their geographical scope or otherwise provided by law.

4. In case the operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform or a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities provides the service of providing information on goods or services of sellers to consumers on the platform, such operator shall be regarded as a third party in the provision of information in accordance with the law on protection of consumer interests.

5. The business activities in the sectors and trades on the List of sectors and trades subject to conditional business investment on e-commerce platforms must comply with this Law and the laws regulating the sectors and trades subject to conditional business investment.

6. Disputes in e-commerce shall be resolved by negotiation, mediation, commercial arbitration, court proceedings or other dispute resolution methods.

Article 6. Prohibited acts in e-commerce activities

1. Committing fraudulent or deceptive acts on e-commerce platforms.

2. Trading in, or assisting others to trade in, illegal services, prohibited goods, counterfeit goods, goods infringing upon intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, goods of unclear origin, expired goods, and goods violating the law on product and goods quality and other relevant laws, on e-commerce platforms.

Article 7. State management of e-commerce

1. Contents of state management of e-commerce:

a/ Formulating, promulgating, and organising the implementation of, legal documents on e-commerce; and national e-commerce development policies for each period;

b/ Disseminating and popularising policies and laws on e-commerce;

c/ Managing and supervising organisations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities; establishing, managing, operating and exploiting the E-Commerce Activity Management System;

d/ Making reports and statistics on e-commerce; researching and applying science and technology in e-commerce; managing, supervising and developing the e-commerce market;

dd/ Carrying out examination, settling complaints and handling violations of the law on e-commerce;

e/ Training and developing human resources for e-commerce activities;

g/ Conducting international cooperation on e-commerce.

2. The Government shall perform the unified state management of e-commerce.

Article 8. International cooperation on e-commerce

1. International cooperation on e-commerce shall be carried out on the principle of compliance with Vietnam’s law, and treaties and international agreements on e-commerce to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party, on the basis of equality, mutual benefit, and respect for independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

2. International cooperation on e-commerce includes:

a/ Concluding and implementing treaties and international agreements, and participating in regional and international organisations on e-commerce;

b/ Formulating and implementing joint programmes and projects on e-commerce within the framework of bilateral, multilateral, regional and international agreements;

c/ Implementing initiatives to promote cooperation on cross-border e-commerce; and participating in the formulation of regional and international rules and standards on e-commerce.

Chapter II

POLICIES ON E-COMMERCE DEVELOPMENT

Article 9. The State’s policies on e-commerce development

1. The State shall adopt mechanisms and policies to develop the domestic e-commerce market, promote the circulation of goods and services, enhance competitiveness, and protect lawful rights and interests of consumers and other entities participating in e-commerce activities.

2. The State shall support and develop cross-border e-commerce, expand international markets for Vietnamese goods and services, ensure compliance with treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party, and protect national security, sovereignty and interests.

3. The State shall promote the development of new types and models of e-commerce business; promote initiatives and innovation, and create favourable conditions for organisations and individuals to research and apply e-commerce in production, business and consumption.

4. The State shall promote investment in, and development of, e-commerce infrastructure, including digital infrastructure, logistic infrastructure, payment infrastructure and other infrastructure, in order to comprehensively complete the e-commerce ecosystem.

5. The State shall adopt e-commerce development policies in consistency with national orientations and strategies on green and sustainable growth.

6. The State shall attach importance to training and developing human resources for e-commerce activities to meet the requirements of e-commerce development, innovation and national digital transformation.

7. The State shall allocate resources from the state budget and other lawful financial sources in accordance with law to support e-commerce development programmes and tasks.

8. The Government shall provide the National E-Commerce Day and the organisation of activities in response to the National E-Commerce Day.

Article 10. Beneficiaries and specific support policies for e-commerce development

1. Beneficiaries of specific support mechanisms and policies for e-commerce development include:

a/ Business households and innovative start-up individuals;

b/ Cooperatives and unions of cooperatives operating in agricultural production and agricultural product processing and traditional crafts;

c/ Small- and medium-sized enterprises owned by women, and enterprises employing large numbers of persons with disabilities;

d/ Persons with disabilities;

dd/ Ethnic minority persons;

e/ Organisations with head offices, and individuals residing, in mountainous, border or island areas, or areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions as prescribed by law.

2. Specific support policies for the beneficiaries specified in Clause 1 of this Article:

a/ Support for connecting to digital infrastructure and setting up stores on e-commerce platforms;

b/ Exemption from, or support for, expenses for training and capacity-building on e-commerce;

c/ Support in carrying out administrative procedures;

d/ Facilitation of access to preferential policies on national digital transformation and innovation promotion programmes;

dd/ Formulation of e-commerce models in areas inhabited by ethnic minority people and mountainous, border or island areas, or areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions.

3. Based on needs and socio-economic development level in each period, the Government and provincial-level local administrations shall provide detailed regulations on beneficiaries, contents and support policies specified in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.

Chapter III

E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANISATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS IN E-COMMERCE ACTIVITIES

Section 1

CONTENTS TO BE PUBLICISED ON E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 11. To-be-publicised contents on operating conditions and transaction conditions for e-commerce platforms

1. Basic contents on operating conditions that must be publicised on an e-commerce platform include:

a/ Information on the e-commerce platform operator;

b/ Privacy policy;

c/ Rights and obligations of the parties;

d/ Methods for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints.

2. Contents to be publicised on e-commerce platforms under Clause 1 of this Article must be displayed in a visible position on the platforms, in Vietnamese, in an understandable and non-misleading manner, must neither violate prohibitions prescribed by law nor run counter to social morality, must ensure equality between the parties, comply with the civil, commercial, advertising, and competition laws, the law on protection of consumer interests, and other relevant laws.

3. E-commerce platforms with the online ordering function must, in addition to complying with Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article, publicise the following transaction conditions:

a/ Contents generally applicable to goods and services: pricing policies, including prices of goods and services provided on the platforms and types of charges for using services on the platforms; conditions or restrictions on the sale of goods or provision of services, including time and geographical restrictions; payment policies; display priority policies; and regulations on livestream selling activities;

b/ The contents applicable to goods must comply with Point a of this Clause and include delivery policies and goods return and refund policies;

c/ The contents applicable to services must comply with Point a of this Clause and include methods of service provision and service termination and refund policies.

4. E-commerce platforms must have a mechanism enabling users to express their consent to the contents specified in Clause 1 of this Article before opening an account on the platforms.

5. The Government shall detail Clauses 1 and 3 of this Article.

Article 12. Ordering on e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function

1. E-commerce platforms with the online ordering function must clearly, fully and accurately display to relevant parties the contents of the agreement to conclude a contract, and must have a mechanism enabling buyers, before placing orders, to express their consent to the contents specified in Clause 3, Article 11 of this Law and the following contents:

a/ Goods or services, quantity and category;

b/ Method and time limit for delivery of goods or provision of services;

c/ Applicable form of sales promotion;

d/ Details of the amounts payable for goods or services, including: value of goods or services; tax; shipping costs and other costs;

dd/ Payment method.

2. E-commerce platforms with the online ordering function must have a mechanism enabling buyers to review and modify the contents specified in Points a, b, c and dd, Clause 1 of this Article before placing orders.

3. After an order is placed, the contents specified in Clause 1 of this Article must be displayed and accessible from the buyer’s account.

Article 13. Conclusion of automated contracts on e-commerce platforms

1. E-commerce platforms integrated with an automated information system for concluding electronic contracts must display the contents specified in Clause 1, Article 12 of this Law before contracts are concluded.

2. The operators of e-commerce platforms integrated with an automated information system for concluding electronic contracts shall be responsible for technical conditions to ensure that the conclusion, performance and termination of automated contracts are conducted in a transparently, safely, traceable and storable manner.

3. After an order is placed, the contents specified in Clause 1 of this Article must be displayed and accessible from the buyer’s account.

Section 2

MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION OF E-COMMERCE PLATFORMS

Article 14. Management and operation of e-commerce platforms

1. The operators of direct-selling e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function shall send a notice to competent state agencies before operating the platforms, except the case specified in Clause 3 of this Article.

2. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform, a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities, or an e-commerce integration platform must be a legal person established in accordance with law, satisfy the conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms, and make registration with the competent state agency before operating the platform, except the case specified in Clause 3 of this Article.

3. The operators of foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall comply with Clause 1, Article 28 of this Law.

4. The Government shall provide in detail the conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms; the competence, order and procedures for notification, modification, supplementation and termination of notification; and the competence, order and procedures for registration, modification, supplementation and termination of registration of e-commerce platforms.

Article 15. Responsibilities of operators of e-commerce platforms

1. Operators of e-commerce platforms have the following responsibilities:

a/ To fully, accurately and clearly publicise the contents specified in, and organise the implementation thereof in accordance with, Article 11 of this Law;

b/ To make periodical online reports through the E-Commerce Activity Management System or at the request of competent state management agencies;

c/ To take measures to examine, review, remove violating contents, and promptly handle violations of law in business activities upon detecting them or receiving reports thereon;

d/ To respond to requests of competent state agencies in settling disputes and complaints, conducting investigations, and handling violations of law;

dd/ To publicise principal selection criteria used when an e-commerce platform uses algorithms or measures to restrict or prioritise the display of goods or services.

2. The operators of e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function shall perform the responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article and comply with Article 12 of this Law. In case the e-commerce platforms are integrated with an automated information system for concluding electronic contracts, their operators shall perform the responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article and comply with Article 13 of this Law.

3. Operators of intermediary e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function that are large digital platforms, and operators of social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function that are large digital platforms as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests, shall perform the responsibilities specified in Clause 2 of this Article and the responsibility to make online reports on results of the removal of violating contents through the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

4. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 16. Responsibilities of operators of direct-selling e-commerce platforms

1. The operator of a direct-selling e-commerce platform has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Article 15 of this Law;

b/ To publicise on the e-commerce platform documents proving satisfaction of business investment conditions for sectors and trades subject to conditional business investment;

c/ To fully publicise information on services in accordance with relevant laws; information on product and goods quality on the e-commerce platform in accordance with the law on product and goods quality; and mandatory information shown on goods labels in accordance with the law on goods labelling, except specific information shown on goods labels regarding the date of manufacture, expiry date, batch number, chassis number and engine number;

d/ To ensure access to information and data on goods and services posted on the platform for at least 1 year from the time of posting.

2. The operator of a direct-selling e-commerce platform with the online ordering function has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ To ensure access to information and data related to concluded contracts for at least 3 years from the time of contract conclusion on the platform, except the case specified in Point c of this Clause;

c/ Small- and medium-sized innovative start-up enterprises, micro-enterprises and business households shall ensure access to information and data related to concluded contracts for at least 1 year from the time of contract conclusion on the platform. The period of application must not exceed 5 years from the date of establishment;

d/ To take back goods in case the goods supplied do not conform to the contents notified, publicised, listed, advertised, introduced, concluded or committed to on the platform;

dd/ When detecting defective goods as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests, to publicise such information on the platform, directly notify such to buyers, recall and handle the defective goods, and compensate for damage in accordance with the law on protection of consumer interests and other relevant laws.

Article 17. Responsibilities of operators of intermediary e-commerce platforms

1. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Article 15 of this Law;

b/ The responsibilities of intermediary digital platforms in accordance with the law on e-transactions and the law on protection of consumer interests;

c/ To conduct electronic identity authentication in accordance with this Law and the law on electronic identification and authentication before allowing the sale of goods. In the case of foreign sellers, identity shall be authenticated through lawful documents;

d/ To publicise the information specified in Point b, Clause 1; and Point c, Clause 2, Article 21 of this Law as provided by sellers;

dd/ To moderate seller-created information content on goods and services before allowing it to be displayed on the platform in order to prevent the trading of illicit goods and services, counterfeit goods, goods infringing upon intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, and goods of unclear origin;

e/ To ensure access to information and data on goods and services posted on the platform for at least 1 year from the time of posting.

2. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with the online ordering function has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ To take back goods in case the goods supplied by their owners do not conform to the contents notified, publicised, listed, advertised, introduced, concluded or committed to on the platform. The disposal of returned goods must comply with the civil law;

c/ When detecting defective goods as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests, to publicise the goods recall notice on the platform, directly notify such to buyers and the focal point for receiving returned goods as agreed with the seller. The determination of liability, handling of defective goods and compensation for damage must comply with the civil law, the law on protection of consumer interests, and other relevant laws;

d/ To provide necessary information to support relevant parties on the platform in the process of settling reports, requests, complaints and disputes;

dd/ To provide tools for sellers to access their accounts to download data on goods, services and information in concluded contracts. In case a seller account is suspended or terminated, to ensure that the seller can access the account to download data on previously concluded contracts for 3 years from the time the account is suspended or terminated;

e/ To suspend or terminate sellers’ accounts immediately upon receiving a request from competent state agencies;

g/ To notify sellers at least 5 days before suspending, terminating, or imposing any restriction on, sellers’ accounts when there is a legitimate reason, except the case specified in Point e of this Clause;

h/ To allow buyers to provide feedback and ratings on sellers and on goods and services provided by sellers, and fully and accurately display feedback and rating results, unless such feedback or ratings violate law, run counter to social morality, or are contrary to fine customs and traditions;

i/ To ensure access to information and data related to concluded contracts for at least 3 years from the time of contract conclusion on the platform;

k/ To compensate for damage, or jointly compensate for damage caused to buyers for failing to comply or incompletely complying with the provisions of this Article. Compensation for damage must comply with the civil law and other relevant laws.

3. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with the online ordering function that is a large digital platform as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 2 of this Article;

b/ To have an online system on the platform for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints in accordance with Clause 4 of this Article;

c/ To have a system for automatically reviewing, giving warnings about and removing information on goods and services that violate law; to take measures to prevent recidivism in accordance with the operating conditions publicised on the platform;

d/ To provide, at the request of competent state agencies, transaction data and algorithm descriptions, including explanations about design, logic, functions and simulations directly related to acts showing signs of violation of law;

dd/ In case the platform cooperates with organisations providing payment services, payment intermediary services or logistics services, to publicise on the platform the information on such organisations; to fully display the names of organisations satisfying the criteria for providing payment services, payment intermediary services or logistics services for specific goods and services and in accordance with cooperation agreements between the parties, and allow buyers to choose organisations providing payment services, payment intermediary services or logistics services.

4. The online system for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints on a platform must meet the following requirements:

a/ To be easily accessible and user-friendly, enabling users to submit reports, requests and complaints and to monitor the progress of the settlement thereof;

b/ To promptly settle reports, requests and complaints without discrimination, based on evidence, electronic transaction data and relevant laws;

c/ To immediately notify the person making a report, request or complaint of the receipt of, and process for settling, such report, request or complaint;

d/ To ensure that decisions are made not solely on the basis of automated mechanisms but subject to human supervision.

5. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 18. Responsibilities of operators of social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities

1. The operator of a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Article 15 of this Law;

b/ To allow organisations and individuals to select seller accounts upon registration and to publicly display identification signs of seller accounts.

2. The operator of a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities whose online communication function is integrated with a tool for notifying confirmation of contract conclusion or other tools supporting contract conclusion has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1, Article 17 of this Law;

c/ To have a mechanism for storing data on contract conclusion for at least 3 years from the date of conclusion.

3. The operator of a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities with the livestream selling function or online ordering function has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 2, Article 17 of this Law;

c/ To separate e-commerce content associated with the online ordering function into a separate section on the platform.

4. The operator of a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function that is a large digital platform as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 3 of this Article;

b/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 3, Article 17 of this Law.

5. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 19. Responsibilities of operators of e-commerce integration platforms

1. The operator of an e-commerce integration platform has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Article 15 of this Law;

b/ Not to integrate e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced on the E-Commerce Activity Management System by competent state agencies as having committed violations of law;

c/ To clearly notify users of the names of integrated platforms; the rights and obligations of the parties; and methods for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints; to have a mechanism enabling users to express consent before each access to integrated platforms;

d/ To formulate technical and security criteria and conditions related to the authorisation, access, control and use of data between the parties, ensuring compliance with the law on data;

dd/ To have tools enabling integrated platforms to access and use data created by such platforms on the e-commerce integration platform;

e/ To remove, upon receiving the request of competent state agencies, integrated platforms that commit violations of law or show signs of violation of law;

g/ To store information and data exchanged between the e-commerce integration platform and integrated platforms for at least 3 years;

h/ To connect the e-commerce integration platform online with the E-Commerce Activity Management System in order to update the list of integrated e-commerce platforms.

2. The operator of an e-commerce integration platform that is a large digital platform as prescribed by the law on protection of consumer interests has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ Not to require integrated platforms to use services provided or designated by the e-commerce integration platform as a mandatory condition for integration, unless there is a clear and transparent cooperation agreement;

c/ Not to prevent integrated platforms from conducting business activities or concluding contracts for the use of services with other platforms outside the e-commerce integration platform.

3. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 20. Responsibilities of operators of e-commerce platforms integrated on e-commerce integration platforms

1. To perform the responsibilities of operators of e-commerce platforms as specified in Articles 16, 17 and 18 of this Law corresponding to each model of e-commerce platform.

2. When detecting a technical error related to the authorisation, access, control or use of data between the parties, the operator of an e-commerce platform integrated on an e-commerce integration platform shall notify the e-commerce integration platform for the latter to fix the error in accordance with the Government’s regulations.

Article 21. Responsibilities of sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms and social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities

1. Sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms without the online ordering function, and on social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities without the online ordering function, have the following responsibilities:

a/ To provide information to e-commerce platform operators to serve seller identity authentication;

b/ To provide e-commerce platform operators with information on their names and business locations as registered with the business registration agency, for enterprises or business households; their names and head office addresses, for organisations; or their names and addresses of residence, for individuals;

c/ To publicise information on services in accordance with relevant laws; information on product and goods quality on the e-commerce platforms in accordance with the law on product and goods quality; and mandatory information shown on goods labels in accordance with the law on goods labelling, except specific information shown on goods labels regarding the date of manufacture, expiry date, batch number, chassis number and engine number;

d/ To provide information on e-commerce activities at the request of competent state agencies.

2. Sellers on intermediary e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function and on social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function have the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Clause 1 of this Article;

b/ To use only their own payment accounts on e-commerce platforms;

c/ To provide e-commerce platform operators with all documents proving satisfaction of business investment conditions for sectors and trades subject to conditional business investment before selling goods or providing services on the platforms;

d/ When detecting defective goods as prescribed in the law on protection of consumer interests, to provide information on the defective goods to the operators of e-commerce platforms for the latter to publicise information on the platforms, and recall and handle the defective goods and compensate for damage in accordance with the law on protection of consumer interests and other relevant laws.

Section 3

LIVESTREAM SELLING AND AFFILIATE MARKETING ACTIVITIES

Article 22. Responsibilities of e-commerce platform operators in livestream selling activities

1. To publicise regulations on livestream selling activities on e-commerce platforms, including control and prevention measures.

2. To adopt a mechanism for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints from viewers of livestream selling sessions, and ensure that viewers can use this mechanism throughout livestream selling sessions and after livestream selling sessions end.

3. To have tools enabling sales livestream hosts to display warning content during livestream selling for goods and services that may pose safety risks or adversely affect the life, health or property of buyers as prescribed by law.

4. To authenticate electronic identity of sales livestream hosts in accordance with this Law and the law on electronic identification and authentication before allowing them to conduct livestream selling. Identity of sales livestream hosts who are foreign nationals shall be authenticated through lawful documents.

5. To require sellers to provide letters of certification of advertising content for goods and services for which such a letter of certification is required by law before allowing livestream selling.

6. To stop livestreaming and remove displayed information and links immediately upon detection of violation or at the request of competent state agencies in the following cases:

a/ Conducting livestream selling with content that violates law or contains language, images, clothing or acts that run counter to social morality or fine customs and traditions;

b/ Conducting livestream selling for goods banned from circulation or goods suspended from circulation on the market at the request of competent state agencies, or goods and services banned from advertising under the law on advertising;

c/ Conducting livestream selling for goods or services for which letters of certification of advertising content are required by law before such a letter of certification has been obtained from a competent state agency.

7. To store, and ensure access to, information and data on images and audio of livestream selling activities for at least 1 year from the time of livestreaming commencement.

Article 23. Responsibilities of sellers in livestream selling activities

1. Before livestream selling is conducted, sellers shall fully provide sales livestream hosts with the following evidencing documents:

a/ Documents proving satisfaction of business investment conditions for sectors and trades subject to conditional business investment;

b/ Documents proving satisfaction of product and goods quality requirements in accordance with the law on product and goods quality.

2. For goods and services for which letters of certification of advertising content are required by law before they are advertised, sellers shall provide such letters of certification to platform operators and sales livestream hosts before livestream selling is conducted. Livestreaming selling content must be consistent with the certified advertising content.

3. To cease cooperation, stop livestreaming and remove displayed information immediately upon detecting, or at the request of competent state agencies concerning, violations of law.

Article 24. Responsibilities of sales livestream hosts

1. To provide information to e-commerce platform operators to serve identity authentication.

2. To comply with the regulations on livestream selling activities publicised on the platforms during livestream selling process.

3. To refuse cooperation when the sellers fail to fully provide the information specified in Clauses 1 and 2, Article 23 of this Law.

4. Not to provide false or misleading information on the uses, origin, quality, prices, sales promotion policies, warranty policies and other contents relating to goods and services.

5. To comply with advertising content certified by competent state agencies for goods and services for which certification of advertising content is required.

6. Not to use language, images, clothing or acts that run counter to social morality or fine customs and traditions during livestream selling.

7. To cease cooperation, stop livestreaming and remove displayed information immediately upon detecting, or at the request of the sellers or competent state agencies concerning, violations of law.

Article 25. Responsibilities of organisations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services in e-commerce

1. Before establishing access links, referral codes or similar methods, organisations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services have the following responsibilities:

a/ To verify electronic identity of affiliate marketers in accordance with the law on electronic identification and authentication before affiliate marketing is allowed. Identity of affiliate marketers who are foreign nationals shall be authenticated through lawful documents;

b/ To refuse to provide services for goods and services banned from business investment, goods and services on digital platforms conducting multi-level marketing business without a certificate of registration of multi-level marketing activities, or at the request of competent state agencies; and goods and services that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as having committed violations of law on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

2. For access links, referral codes or similar methods that have been established, organisations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services have the following responsibilities:

a/ To prevent and remove links for violating goods and services upon detecting violations or at the request of competent state agencies;

b/ To provide information on affiliate marketing activities in e-commerce at the request of the state management agency in charge of e-commerce.

Article 26. Responsibilities of affiliate marketers in e-commerce

1. Before conducting affiliate marketing, affiliate marketers in e-commerce have the following responsibilities:

a/ To provide information to organisations and individuals providing affiliate marketing services to serve identity authentication;

b/ To refuse to conduct affiliate marketing on digital platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as having committed violations of the law on national security or social order and safety, or on digital platforms conducting multi-level marketing business without a certificate of registration of multi-level marketing activities;

c/ To refuse to conduct affiliate marketing associated with content using language, images, clothing or acts that run counter to social morality or fine customs and traditions.

2. For access links, referral codes or similar methods that have been established, affiliate marketers in e-commerce have the following responsibilities:

a/ To remove links for violating goods and services or at the request of competent state agencies;

b/ To provide information on affiliate marketing activities in e-commerce at the request of the state management agency in charge of e-commerce.

Chapter IV

E-COMMERCE INVOLVING FOREIGN ELEMENTS

Article 27. Foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam

1. A foreign e-commerce platform conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam is a foreign e-commerce platform whose operator is a foreign organisation lawfully operating in accordance with foreign law and which has a mechanism enabling Vietnamese to be selected as the display language, or uses Vietnam national domain name “.vn”, or reaches the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, excluding direct-selling e-commerce platforms without the online ordering function.

2. The operator of a foreign direct-selling e-commerce platform with the online ordering function specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall designate an authorised legal person in Vietnam before the platform offers the option of selecting Vietnamese as the display language or uses Vietnam’s national domain name “.vn”, or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, unless otherwise provided by law.

3. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform without the online ordering function, or a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities without the online ordering function, specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall designate an authorised representative in Vietnam before the platform offers the option of selecting Vietnamese as the display language or uses Vietnam national domain name “.vn”, and must satisfy the conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms.

4. The operator of an intermediary e-commerce platform with the online ordering function, a social media platform conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function, or an e-commerce integration platform specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall establish a legal person in Vietnam before the platform offers the option of selecting Vietnamese as the display language or uses Vietnam national domain name “.vn”, or after reaching the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam, unless otherwise provided by law.

5. In case a treaty to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party contains a commitment not requiring establishment of a legal person, operators of intermediary e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function, social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function, or e-commerce integration platforms that are not required to comply with Clause 4 of this Article shall:

a/ Designate an authorised legal person in Vietnam;

b/ Make a deposit at a commercial bank in Vietnam or a foreign bank branch in Vietnam to compensate consumers for damage and perform financial obligations to the State;

c/ Satisfy the conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms.

6. Operators of foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam as specified in Clause 1 of this Article shall carry out registration procedures with competent state agencies.

7. The Government shall specify the transaction threshold with buyers in Vietnam; conditions for management and operation of e-commerce platforms; making of deposits; and the competence, order and procedures for registration, modification, supplementation and termination of registration of foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam.

Article 28. Responsibilities of operators of foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam, and of sellers, sales livestream hosts and affiliate marketers on foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam

1. The operator of a foreign e-commerce platform conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam specified in Article 27 of this Law has the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibilities specified in Articles 16, 17, 18, 19 and 22 of this Law corresponding to each model of e-commerce platform;

b/ To represent foreign sellers on the platform in settling buyers’ reports, requests and complaints related to goods and services supplied by foreign sellers in accordance with this Law and other relevant laws.

2. Sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Articles 21 and 23 of this Law.

3. Livestream sellers on foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 24 of this Law.

4. Affiliate marketers on foreign e-commerce platforms conducting e-commerce activities in Vietnam shall perform the responsibilities specified in Article 26 of this Law.

Article 29. Responsibilities of authorised representatives in Vietnam for intermediary e-commerce platforms without the online ordering function and social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities without the online ordering function

Authorised representatives in Vietnam specified in Clause 3, Article 27 of this Law have the following responsibilities:

1. To be authorised to carry out legal procedures on e-commerce activities with competent state agencies;

2. To comply with requests of competent state agencies in settling disputes and complaints, conducting investigations, and handling violations of law;

3. To make periodical online reports through the E-Commerce Activity Management System or at the request of competent state agencies.

Article 30. Responsibilities of authorised legal persons in Vietnam for direct-selling e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function, intermediary e-commerce platforms with the online ordering function, and social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities with the online ordering function

1. The authorised legal person in Vietnam specified in Clause 2 or 5, Article 27 of this Law shall be authorised to perform the following responsibilities:

a/ To carry out legal procedures on e-commerce activities with competent state agencies;

b/ To carry out examination and review, and promptly handle violations of law when detecting or receiving reports thereon; to remove violating information on goods and services upon receiving requests from competent state agencies in accordance with the Government’s regulations;

c/ To coordinate in settling reports, requests and complaints of buyers in Vietnam concerning goods and services;

d/ To receive information on, and coordinate in handling, goods supplied by sellers that do not conform to the contents notified, publicised, listed, advertised, introduced, concluded or committed to on the platform;

dd/ When detecting defective goods in accordance with the law on protection of consumer interests, to request the platform operator to publicise information on the platform, directly notify such to buyers and coordinate in recalling the goods. The determination of liability, handling of defective goods and compensation for damage must comply with the civil law and the law on protection of consumer interests;

e/ To perform the responsibilities of platform operators prescribed in this Law, the laws on data, cybersecurity, product and goods quality, advertising, and protection of consumer interests, and other relevant laws.

2. The authorised legal person in Vietnam specified in Clause 2 or 5, Article 27 of this Law has the following responsibilities towards competent state agencies:

a/ To comply with requests of competent state agencies in settling disputes and complaints, conducting investigations, and handling violations of law;

b/ To make periodical online reports through the E-Commerce Activity Management System or at the request of competent state agencies.

Article 31. Responsibilities of authorised legal persons in Vietnam for e-commerce integration platforms

1. The authorised legal persons in Vietnam specified in Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law shall be authorised to perform the following responsibilities:

a/ The responsibility specified in Point a, Clause 1 of Article 30 of this Law;

b/ To take compliance measures for cross-border data transfer and processing and personal data protection in accordance with law;

c/ To perform responsibilities in accordance with the laws on data and cybersecurity and other relevant laws.

2. The authorised legal persons in Vietnam specified in Clause 5, Article 27 of this Law shall perform the responsibilities towards competent state agencies specified in Clause 2, Article 30 of this Law.

Article 32. Foreign investment activities in the field of e-commerce

1. The management and operation of intermediary e-commerce platforms, social media platforms conducting e-commerce activities, and e-commerce integration platforms constitute sectors and trades subject to conditional market access on the List of sectors and trades subject to market access restrictions for foreign investors in accordance with the law on investment.

2. The Government shall provide detailed regulations on market access conditions for foreign investors specified in Clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter V

RESPONSIBILITIES OF ORGANISATIONS PROVIDING E-COMMERCE SUPPORT SERVICES

Article 33. Responsibilities of organisations providing technical infrastructure services in support of e-commerce

1. To prevent acts of violation upon receiving requests from competent state agencies in accordance with the Government’s regulations.

2. Not to provide services to e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as having committed violations of law on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

Article 34. Responsibilities of organisations providing logistics services in support of e-commerce

1. To have mechanisms and measures for checking information, dossiers and documents accompanying goods before carrying out transportation; to transport goods in accordance with contracts and relevant laws; to refuse to transport goods on the list of goods banned from trading, goods of unclear origin, or other violating goods upon detection or at the request of competent state agencies.

2. To coordinate with e-commerce platform operators and competent state agencies in examining and handling cases related to smuggling, trade fraud, production and trading of counterfeit goods, goods of unclear origin, or other violating goods; to suspend the provision of logistics services upon detecting goods showing signs of violation of law in accordance with the Government’s regulations.

3. To provide information and data on the provision of logistics services in support of e-commerce at the request of competent state agencies to serve the management, examination and supervision of e-commerce activities.

4. Not to provide services to e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as having committed violations of law on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

5. In case an organisation providing logistics services in support of e-commerce collects payment for goods on behalf of sellers by agreement, it shall provide information on its payment account for buyers to choose payment.

6. To allow service users to track transportation itinerary, including warehouse locations and the times of receipt and delivery of goods, in order to provide information to buyers and sellers on the platforms.

7. To provide information on the provision of logistics services in support of e-commerce at the request of the state management agency in charge of e-commerce.

Article 35. Responsibilities of organisations providing payment services and payment intermediary services in support of e-commerce

1. To provide information on transactions related to cases of payment fraud, swindling for the purpose of appropriating property, tax fraud, smuggling, trade fraud, dealing in prohibited goods, counterfeit goods, goods infringing intellectual property rights, smuggled goods, goods of unclear origin, or other violating goods that are conducted through e-commerce platforms at the request of competent state agencies.

2. Not to provide services to e-commerce platforms that have been publicly announced by competent state agencies as having committed violations of law on the E-Commerce Activity Management System.

3. In case a digital platform providing payment services or payment intermediary services enables the integration of other e-commerce platforms on such digital platform, the operator of the digital platform shall perform the responsibilities specified in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article and the following responsibilities:

a/ To clearly notify users of the name of the integrated e-commerce platform, the rights and obligations of the digital platform providing payment services or payment intermediary services and the integrated e-commerce platform, and the methods for receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints, and to have a mechanism enabling users to express consent before each access to the integrated platform;

b/ To establish a mechanism enabling buyers to submit reports, requests and complaints to the integrated e-commerce platform;

c/ To formulate technical and security criteria and conditions related to the authorisation, access, control and use of data between the parties, ensuring compliance with relevant laws;

d/ To remove integrated e-commerce platforms showing signs of violation of law or violating law upon receiving requests from competent state agencies in accordance with the Government’s regulations.

Article 36. Electronic contract authentication services in commerce

1. An organisation providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce shall be issued a licence for provision of electronic contract authentication services in commerce when satisfying the following conditions:

a/ Meeting the conditions for providing trust services in accordance with the law on e-transactions;

b/ Having synchronous solutions for real-time connection and authentication of data on electronic contracts in commerce.

2. Organisations providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce have the following responsibilities:

a/ To ensure the confidentiality and certify the integrity of electronic contracts they store and authenticate;

b/ To provide documents to, and support, competent state agencies in investigating violations of law related to electronic contract authentication services in commerce;

c/ To publicly announce the regulations on provision of electronic contract authentication services in commerce;

d/ To connect to the E-Commerce Activity Management System to make online reports on the provision of electronic contract authentication services in commerce upon request;

dd/ To fully store, and ensure the safety of, data on electronic contracts concluded through automated information systems.

3. The Government shall detail this Article.

Chapter VI

APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT AND HANDLING OF VIOLATIONS IN E-COMMERCE

Article 37. E-Commerce Activity Management System

1. The E-Commerce Activity Management System is a system established, managed, operated and exploited by the Ministry of Industry and Trade in a synchronous and unified manner to serve the management and development of e-commerce, and connected to the National Public Service Portal.

2. The E-Commerce Activity Management System has the following functions:

a/ Receiving, processing and notifying results of online administrative procedures in the field of e-commerce nationwide;

b/ Receiving and settling reports, requests and complaints from organisations and individuals concerning e-commerce platforms, sellers, and organisations providing e-commerce support services that commit violations of law;

c/ Supervising, analysing and warning risks in e-commerce activities;

d/ Receiving and processing e-commerce reports and statistics;

dd/ Publishing the list of e-commerce platforms of which the notification or registration has been confirmed, and the list of organisations providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce that have been licensed;

e/ Publishing the list of e-commerce platforms, sellers, and organisations providing e-commerce support services that commit violations of law.

3. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 38. E-commerce database

1. The e-commerce database shall be developed in line with the requirements of the overall national digital architecture framework, ensuring connection and sharing of e-commerce data.

2. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies and localities shall interconnect national databases and specialised databases with the e-commerce database. Such interconnection must ensure efficiency and safety and be consistent with their functions, tasks and powers in accordance with relevant laws.

3. E-commerce platform operators, organisations providing e-commerce support services, and relevant agencies and organisations shall provide and update information to the e-commerce database, ensuring completeness, truthfulness, timeliness and accuracy.

4. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 39. Handling of violations in e-commerce

1. Organisations and individuals participating in e-commerce activities that commit violations of this Law shall, depending on the nature, severity and consequences of their violations, be handled in the following forms:

a/ Sanctioning of administrative violations in accordance with the law on handling of administrative violations;

b/ Blockage of access to, or suspension of the transaction function of, e-commerce platforms; removal of content, suspension or termination of violating accounts on e-commerce platforms; removal from the published list of e-commerce platforms of which the notification or registration has been confirmed; or removal from the published list of organisations providing electronic contract authentication services in commerce that have been licensed;

c/ Compelled implementation of remedial measures and restoration of the interests of relevant parties;

d/ Making of compensation, if causing damage to parties participating in e-commerce in accordance with law;

dd/ Criminal handling as prescribed by law in case e-commerce activities show signs of crime.

2. The Government shall detail Points a, b and c, Clause 1 of this Article.

Chapter VII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 40. Effect

This Law takes effect on July 1, 2026.

Article 41. Transitional provisions

1. E-commerce websites and e-commerce applications whose notification or registration of operation has been confirmed before the effective date of this Law may continue to conduct e-commerce activities according to the contents confirmed in their notification or registration dossiers through June 30, 2027.

2. Organisations providing electronic contract authentication services whose registration has been confirmed before the effective date of this Law may continue to operate through June 30, 2027.

This Law was passed on December 10, 2025, by the 15National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 10 session.

Chairman of the National Assembly
TRAN THANH MAN