Law on Digital Transformation 2025, No. 148/2025/QH15

LAW

On Digital Transformation^[1]

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which has a number of articles amended and supplemented under Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly promulgates the Law on Digital Transformation.

Chapter I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of regulation

1. This Law prescribes digital transformation, including principles and policies on digital transformation; national coordination of digital transformation; measures to ensure digital transformation; digital government; digital economy and digital society; and responsibilities of agencies, organisations and individuals in digital transformation.

2. Matters in the fields of data, electronic transactions, cybersecurity, telecommunications and artificial intelligence and other specialised fields must comply with the corresponding laws and ensure consistency with the principles and requirements prescribed in this Law.

Article 2. Subjects of application

This Law applies to domestic and foreign agencies, organisations and individuals that directly participate in or are related to digital transformation in Vietnam.

Article 3. Interpretation of terms

In this Law, the terms below are construed as follows:

1. Digital transformation means the process of transforming methods of operation, governance and service provision based on digital technologies, digital data, digital systems, digital platforms and digital processes in order to create new value, efficiency and transparency.

2. Digital infrastructure means a collection of technical systems, connection systems, computing systems, storage systems and other digital technology components that ensure activities in the digital environment, including telecommunications infrastructure, data centre infrastructure, cloud computing infrastructure and transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connection.

3. Public digital infrastructure includes shared digital platforms and digital services which are invested and managed or have their operation ensured by the State; are built on the principles of openness, and high standards and compatibility to serve public interests; and are capable of safely connecting, integrating and interoperating with domestic, regional and international infrastructure.

4. Digital system means the development of an information system, comprising digital technology components, digital data, digital platforms, software, hardware, algorithms, processing models and connected devices organised to create, process, store, connect and operate digital services or digital processes, including also cases of real-time operation administration.

5. Digital platform means an information system that aims to create a digital environment allowing parties to conduct transactions or provide and use products or services, or to use it for developing products or services.

6. Digital process means a sequence of activities or professional operations carried out, processed and controlled by electronic means in the digital environment.

7. Digital environment means a space for activities, interaction, transactions and service provision that is formed and operated through digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms and digital data.

8. Digitisation means the conversion of information, data and documents from physical or analogue format into digital data.

9. Digitalisation of processes means the use of digital technologies and digital data to automate and optimise operational processes of agencies, organisations and individuals.

10. Digital data sharing means the provision and exchange of, or grant of permission for access to, digital data among agencies, organisations and individuals according to safety assurance principles, standards and requirements.

11. Digital government means a model for organising and operating activities of state agencies in the digital environment, based on digital data, digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems and digital platforms to make timely decisions, conduct effective administration, and ensure transparency and connectivity and interoperation with organisations, enterprises and citizens.

12. Digital economy means economic activities based on digital data, digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms and digital operating models.

13. Digital society means a society in which individuals and organisations mainly operate and interact through digital services, digital systems, digital platforms and the digital environment.

14. Digital service means a service provided in the digital environment.

15. Online public service means a public administrative service or another service provided by a state agency in the digital environment; online public services include end-to-end online public services and partial online public services.

End-to-end online public service means an online public service which is wholly performed in the digital environment, including dossier submission and receipt, processing, payment, if any, and notification of results.

Partial online public service means an online public service of which one or several stage(s) is/are performed in the digital environment.

16. Digital citizen means an individual capable of accessing, using and participating in activities in the digital environment in a safe and effective manner in accordance with law.

17. Digital competence means a set of knowledge and skills for using digital technologies to participate safely, effectively and responsibly in activities in the digital environment.

18. Digital human resources means the workforce in all sectors and fields that possesses digital competence to participate in digital transformation activities.

19. Digital divide means the disparity between groups of subjects, organisations and individuals in terms of digital competence, and conditions and ability to access, use and benefit from digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital technologies, digital platforms and digital data.

20. Information technology means a collection of scientific and technological methods and modern technical tools for producing, transmitting, collecting, processing, storing and exchanging digital information. Information technology constitutes part of digital technology as prescribed in the Law on the Digital Technology Industry.

21. Digital information means information created by the method of using digital signals.

22. Cyber environment means an environment in which information is provided, transmitted, collected, processed, stored and exchanged through information infrastructure.

23. Information infrastructure means a system of equipment serving the production, transmission, collection, processing, storage and exchange of digital information, including telecommunications networks, the Internet, computer networks and databases.

24. Information technology application means the use of information technology in activities in socio-economic affairs, external relations, national defence and security and other activities in order to improve the productivity, quality and efficiency of these activities. Information technology application constitutes part of digital technology application.

Article 4. Digital transformation activities

1. Formulating, promulgating, and organising the implementation of, strategies, programmes, plans, architectures, regulations, technical requirements, standards and technical regulations on digital transformation; managing, coordinating, making statistics on, measuring, supervising and auditing digital transformation activities; and assessing the level and effectiveness of digital transformation.

2. Building, developing, upgrading, integrating, connecting, managing, supervising, operating, maintaining and sustaining digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms, shared software, specialised software and databases.

3. Building, developing, protecting, governing, processing and using data; coordinating, connecting, sharing, opening, supervising, assessing, exploiting, auditing and ranking data, and carrying out other activities in accordance with the law on data.

4. Digitising information, data and documents; digitalising processes; renewing and restructuring processes, organisational models and methods of internal governance, leadership, direction, administration, inspection, examination and service provision; developing and providing online public services, digital services and other applications in state management, production, business and social life; and building and developing digital twins.

5. Taking cybersecurity protection and data protection measures in the design, deployment, operation and use of digital systems; conducting supervision, assessment, response, risk governance and remedy of cybersecurity incidents in accordance with the law on cybersecurity.

6. Researching, testing, piloting, assessing and applying digital products and services and new models and solutions for digital transformation; and implementing regulatory sandboxes in digital transformation.

7. Training, upskilling and developing digital competence; and universalising basic digital competence.

8. Conducting public information and dissemination of guidelines, policies and laws on digital transformation; and guiding and supporting organisations and individuals in accessing and using digital services and participating in activities in the digital environment.

9. Hiring experts, consultancy services, digital services, technical support services and other services serving the survey, design, building, deployment, operation, maintenance, testing, auditing, supervision and assessment of digital transformation activities.

10. Equipping, procuring, hiring, exploiting and using digital transformation infrastructure, digital systems and digital platforms; digital technology products and services, cloud computing services, data services, cybersecurity services, consultancy services and other digital services; and tools and terminal devices serving digital transformation.

11. Conducting experimental development, including the building and trial operation of digital systems, digital platforms and digital services not yet available on the market, and unprecedented projects within a limited scope in order to assess their efficiency before carrying out investment, hiring or procurement procedures in accordance with regulations.

12. Other digital transformation activities as prescribed by the Government.

Article 5. Prohibited acts

1. Obstructing or sabotaging digital transformation activities; disrupting, delaying, or causing insecurity to, digital systems of agencies, organisations or individuals.

2. Illegally accessing or interfering with, distorting, disabling, or causing harm to, digital systems, digital data, digital platforms and digital services.

3. Collecting, using, sharing, purchasing, selling or exploiting digital data in contravention of law.

4. Abusing digital transformation to commit fraud, manipulation or profiteering, or to infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of agencies, organisations or individuals.

5. Abusing positions and powers to cause obstruction, discrimination, monopoly, fragmentation or restriction of competition in the development, operation and exploitation of digital systems.

Chapter II

PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES ON DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Article 6. Principles of digital transformation

1. To promote innovation, apply user-centred approach, improve service quality and create new values for agencies, organisations, enterprises and citizens.

2. To enhance the connection, sharing and reuse of data, with once-only declaration as the default requirement, in order to improve management effectiveness, limit duplication, reduce procedures and improve decision-making capacity.

3. To ensure cybersecurity, data protection and privacy in accordance with law; to encourage the application of advanced measures to improve the level of safety.

4. To be implemented in a flexible manner in adaptation to the rapid development of technology; to encourage the trial and application of new technologies suitable to the characteristics of each sector.

5. To ensure inclusiveness and create conditions for all organisations and individuals to have opportunities to access and use digital services in a convenient, safe and effective manner.

6. To ensure transparency and accountability for decisions based on digital technology in order to enhance user trust.

7. To encourage the association of digital transformation with measurement, assessment, supervision and continuous improvement activities in order to raise the efficiency and quality of services.

8. State agencies shall comply with the principles of digital transformation. The State shall encourage organisations and enterprises in the non-state sector to apply the principles prescribed in this Article in their operation.

Article 7. Principles for the architecture and design of digital systems

1. To be designed along the direction of using digital platforms and shared components, promoting scalability, integration and reuse in order to improve investment efficiency and limit duplication.

2. To ensure the efficient exploitation of cloud computing infrastructure and technologies that enable demand-based flexible scalability, ensuring operational efficiency, safety and cost optimisation.

3. To support connection and integration from the design stage, based on open standards, open architecture and standardised application programming interfaces, in order to facilitate data sharing and interoperability between systems.

4. To ensure cybersecurity and data protection from the design and development stage; to encourage the application of advanced protection measures suitable to risks.

5. To apply the data-centred approach; to ensure that data are collected, managed and shared with once-only declaration as the default requirement; to use data effectively to improve decision-making quality and service quality.

6. To apply user-centred approach, ensuring convenience, accessibility, ease of use and suitability for various groups of users, especially disadvantaged persons and vulnerable groups.

7. To ensure flexibility, ease of upgrading and adaptability to the rapid development of technology; to encourage the application of modular architectural models, independent components and suitable new technologies.

8. State agencies shall comply with the principles for the design and architecture of digital systems. The State shall encourage organisations and enterprises in the non-state sector to apply the principles prescribed in this Article in their operation.

9. The Government shall detail this Article as suitable to management requirements and practical implementation.

Article 8. Minimum requirements for digital systems

1. Minimum requirements for digital systems shall be compulsorily applied to information systems, digital platforms, databases and digital services of state agencies; digital systems serving public interests; essential digital services; and digital systems of organisations and enterprises assigned by state agencies to provide public services.

For digital systems of other organisations and enterprises, the State shall encourage application according to their capacity and needs.

2. To ensure cybersecurity by level; to adopt mechanisms for monitoring, detecting, warning, responding to and restoring operation when incidents occur.

3. To ensure connectivity and data sharing according to standards with other systems; to support application programming interfaces according to standards and technical regulations; to use national data standards, open standards, standards and technical regulations in accordance with regulations.

4. Data processed by digital systems shall be stored, backed up, protected and recovered under plans, ensuring integrity, availability and resilience against incidents; and must comply with regulations on protection of personal data and important data and core data in accordance with the law on personal data protection and the law on data.

5. Digital systems and digital services must maintain the minimum level of operational availability; and have backup and failover plans to ensure uninterrupted operation for important systems or essential services.

6. Digital systems must record, store and protect activity logs; and ensure the capability of examination, supervision and traceability serving inspection, examination, audit and explanation when necessary.

7. Digital systems and digital services must meet standards, technical regulations and technical requirements on minimum accessibility for users, especially persons with disabilities, elderly persons and other vulnerable groups.

8. Digital systems shall be classified according to their level of risk, importance, sector, and scope of impact, and subject to application of minimum requirements according to a roadmap prescribed by the Government.

Article 9. The State’s policies on digital transformation

1. To develop unified, safe, reliable and scalable digital transformation infrastructure, meeting requirements for connection, sharing and provision of digital services.

2. To promote the formation and development of digital data, ensuring the capability to access, share, reuse and exploit digital data in accordance with law.

3. To encourage the development and use of shared digital platforms, open digital platforms and digital technology products and services serving governance, service provision and socio-economic development; to ensure equal access and benefit enjoyment in digital transformation, especially in the fields of education, health, culture, labour, employment and social security.

4. To ensure cybersecurity and data protection in digital transformation activities; to prevent, detect and handle law violations in the digital environment.

5. To encourage innovation, deployment of regulatory sandboxes and application of new digital technologies in order to improve the effectiveness of service provision and develop digital products and services.

6. To promote and support enterprises, cooperatives and business households in carrying out digital transformation; to prioritise support for small- and medium-sized enterprises and enterprises operating in areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions.

7. To strengthen management and supervision of the operation of digital systems and digital platforms, especially large or very large intermediary digital platforms, in order to ensure fair competition, safety and transparency in the digital environment.

8. To ensure unified coordination among ministries, sectors and localities; to improve mechanisms, policies, standards and technical regulations serving digital transformation; to avoid the dispersal of resources and duplication of digital systems, digital platforms and digital data.

9. To attract, and make appropriate use of, talents and high-quality human resources; to universalise and develop digital competence for agencies, organisations, enterprises and citizens; to ensure the capacity to deploy, operate and enjoy benefits from digital transformation in a safe and sustainable manner; to support training, upskilling and occupational transition for workers who are affected by, or lose their jobs due to, the digital transformation process.

10. To develop digital citizens and promote conditions for fair access to, and use of, basic and minimum digital services, including electronic identity, basic digital competence, digital signature certificates in accordance with the law on electronic transactions, online public services, basic telecommunications services in accordance with the law on telecommunications, and non-cash payment services in accordance with the law on banking.

11. To support the development of digital transformation infrastructure and narrow the digital divide; to support access to, exploitation and effective use of, digital transformation infrastructure, digital technology devices and digital competence; to improve the capacity to access information and knowledge on digital transformation for persons with disabilities, elderly persons, children, people living in border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous areas, areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions, and other vulnerable groups in the society in accordance with law.

12. State agencies shall publicise and make transparent digital transformation plans immediately after they are approved in order to create opportunities for different economic sectors to participate in the digital transformation market; encourage the use of digital technology products and services which are produced by Vietnamese enterprises or for which Vietnamese enterprises have acquired technology mastery; and implement the mechanism under which the State commissions digital technology enterprises to research and address important national tasks.

Article 10. International cooperation on digital transformation

1. The State shall promote bilateral and multilateral cooperation with countries, international organisations and global enterprises in the field of digital transformation in adherence to the principles of respect for independence and sovereignty and protection of national sovereignty in cyberspace.

2. International cooperation on digital transformation must focus on the following activities:

a/ Exchange of experience and transfer of technology;

b/ Attraction of foreign investment and expansion of markets for Vietnamese products, goods and services serving digital transformation; promotion and expansion of e-commerce;

c/ Training and exchange of experts; training and development of digital human resources;

d/ Formulation of internationally compatible standards and technical regulations;

dd/ Active participation in forums and initiatives and establishment of international cooperation frameworks on digital transformation.

Chapter III

NATIONAL COORDINATION OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Article 11. Contents of state management of digital transformation

1. To formulate, promulgate, and organise the implementation of, policies and laws on digital transformation; standards and technical regulations; and a unified set of indicators on digital transformation.

2. To formulate, promulgate, and organise the implementation of, strategies, programmes and plans on digital transformation.

3. To disseminate and popularise information about digital transformation.

4. To manage and supervise digital transformation activities.

5. To make statistics, and carry out measurement, supervision and assessment of the level and effectiveness of digital transformation.

6. To conduct inspection and examination, settle complaints and denunciations, and handle violations of the law on digital transformation.

7. To provide training and upskilling of, and develop, digital human resources.

8. To conduct international cooperation on digital transformation.

Article 12. Strategies, programmes and plans on digital transformation

1. The Prime Minister shall approve the National Strategy on Digital Transformation in conformity with the socio-economic development strategy.

2. The National Digital Transformation Programme is a collection of contents and tasks on digital transformation activities, including inter-sectoral and inter-regional tasks, which shall be formulated and submitted to the Prime Minister by the state management agency in charge of digital transformation for promulgation in each period, in conformity with the National Strategy on Digital Transformation prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article.

3. Digital transformation plans of ministries, sectors and localities shall be formulated and promulgated in conformity with the National Strategy on Digital Transformation and the National Digital Transformation Programme prescribed in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article.

4. Funds for the implementation of the National Strategy on Digital Transformation, the National Digital Transformation Programme and 5-year and annual plans shall be covered by financial sources for digital transformation as prescribed in Section 2, Chapter V of this Law.

5. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 13. Digital national overall architecture framework

1. The digital national overall architecture framework outlines the overall digital architecture model for the nation, identifying the most fundamental shared components for agencies in the political system; ensuring cybersecurity; protecting data; ensuring connection, sharing and shared-use of resources and data; avoiding duplication on a national scale; and supporting socio-economic development and serving citizens and enterprises.

2. The main components of the digital national overall architecture framework include:

a/ The digital architecture framework of Party agencies;

b/ The digital architecture framework of the National Assembly;

c/ The digital architecture framework of the Vietnam Fatherland Front;

d/ The digital government architecture framework;

dd/ The digital architecture frameworks of other agencies and organisations.

3. The state management agency in charge of digital transformation shall assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with related agencies in:

a/ Formulating and submitting to the Prime Minister for promulgation the digital national overall architecture framework;

b/ Updating, and organising the implementation of, the digital national overall architecture framework.

4. The building, development, connection and sharing among digital systems, information systems, digital platforms, databases and digital services of agencies in the political system must comply with the digital national overall architecture framework, the national data architecture framework and the national data governance and management framework.

Article 14. Standards and technical regulations and assessment of conformity with standards and technical regulations for digital transformation

1. Activities concerning standards, technical regulations and conformity assessment in the field of digital transformation must comply with the principles prescribed in the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations and the Law on Product and Goods Quality.

2. In addition to complying with the principles prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article, activities concerning standards and technical regulations in the field of digital transformation must adhere to the following principles:

a/ Ensuring consistency, synchronisation, interoperability and the capability of connection and data sharing among digital systems;

b/ Being suitable to the level and orientation of technological development, socio-economic conditions and state management requirements;

c/ Agencies, organisations and individuals may directly apply international standards, regional standards and foreign standards. The application of international standards, regional standards and foreign standards must neither contravene Vietnam’s law nor cause harms to national defence and security, socio-economic interests or other national interests;

d/ Not creating unnecessary technical barriers to digital transformation;

dd/ Ensuring cybersecurity, protection of personal data, and human rights and citizens’ rights in the digital environment.

3. The Government shall assign a ministry to assume the prime responsibility for making an overall plan on the formulation of, and orientations for the development of, national standards and national technical regulations in the field of digital transformation; and to coordinate and promote ministries and sectors in implementing such plan in conformity with the National Strategy on Digital Transformation and the National Digital Transformation Programme.

The Minister of Science and Technology, other ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies shall, within the ambit of their tasks and powers, organise the formulation, appraisal and declaration of national standards and promulgate national technical regulations in the field of digital transformation according to their assigned fields of state management, in conformity with the Law on Standards and Technical Regulations.

4. Agencies, organisations and individuals implementing digital transformation shall select and apply appropriate standards and ensuring compliance with national technical regulations.

5. The State shall encourage and support enterprises, organisations and individuals to participate in activities concerning standards and technical regulations in the field of digital transformation through the National Strategy on Digital Transformation, the National Digital Transformation Programme and digital transformation plans, specifically as follows:

a/ Participating in international standards organisations in the field of digital transformation of which Vietnam is a member;

b/ Encouraging Vietnamese experts to participate in forums and international standards organisations in the field of digital transformation;

c/ Providing training and upskilling for highly qualified technical experts who are fully capable of assuming key roles in technical committees and international working groups on standards in the field of digital transformation;

d/ Encouraging organisations, enterprises and individuals to participate in the formulation and application of standards in the field of digital transformation.

Chapter IV

RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATE AGENCIES, ORGANISATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS

Article 15. Assignment of responsibilities in state management of digital transformation

1. The Government shall perform the unified state management of digital transformation nationwide and annually report to the National Assembly on the results of digital transformation.

2. The Ministry of Science and Technology shall act as the focal-point agency and be responsible before the Government for performing the state management of digital transformation.

3. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies and provincial-level People’s Committees shall perform the state management of digital transformation in the sectors, fields and localities within the ambit of their assigned tasks and powers.

4. The Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of National Defence and the Minister of National Defence shall perform the state management of data in accordance with the law on data and the law on cryptography.

5. Responsibilities of heads of state agencies:

a/ To personally direct and organise the implementation of, and take responsibility for the results of, digital transformation within their assigned sectors, fields, localities, agencies and units;

b/ To prioritise resources, human resources and necessary conditions to carry out digital transformation in an effective manner;

c/ To organise internal inspection and make periodical reports on digital transformation results in accordance with regulations.

Article 16. Responsibilities of organisations and individuals in digital transformation

1. Responsibilities of organisations:

a/ To comply with the laws on digital transformation, cybersecurity, electronic transactions, personal data protection, and artificial intelligence and other relevant laws when participating in, providing or using digital systems, information systems, digital platforms, digital data and digital services;

b/ To provide and update, and take responsibility for the accuracy of, information and data serving electronic transactions and digital services;

c/ To ensure cybersecurity and personal data protection, and implement risk prevention measures in the process of applying digital technologies and operating their digital systems, information systems and digital platforms;

d/ To coordinate with state agencies in authentication and sharing of digital data and performance of other obligations serving digital transformation in accordance with law;

dd/ To perform other relevant obligations as prescribed by law.

2. Responsibilities of individuals:

a/ To comply with law when participating in activities in the digital environment and using digital services, digital platforms, digital systems and information systems;

b/ To provide complete and accurate information and data, and take responsibility for the contents they provide when carrying out administrative procedures, using digital services and conducting electronic transactions;

c/ To protect account information and personal data and take safety measures when using digital services;

d/ To give comments, feedback and assessments in order to improve the quality of digital services.

Chapter V

MEASURES TO ENSURE DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Section 1

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL HUMAN RESOURCES

Article 17. Training and development of digital human resources

1. Digital competence is a compulsory content in education and training programmes in accordance with the laws on education, vocational education and higher education.

2. The state management agency in charge of digital transformation shall promulgate and update the Digital Competence Framework for use as a basis for training, upskilling, assessment, and analysis and synthesis of information on, digital human resources.

3. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies and People’s Committees at all levels shall organise the universalisation of basic digital competence in conformity with the Digital Competence Framework for groups of subjects suitable to their assigned sectors, fields and localities.

4. Agencies in the political system shall organise training and upskilling in digital competence according to the Digital Competence Framework, ensuring that cadres, civil servants and public employees have necessary digital competence to implement digital transformation.

5. Employing enterprises and organisations shall organise training, upskilling and universalisation of basic digital competence for their workers; and provide training and guidance on occupational transition and improvement of digital competence suitable to market demand for workers at risk of losing their jobs due to digital transformation.

Article 18. Attraction and appropriate use of digital transformation experts

1. The State shall implement special mechanisms and policies to attract, and make appropriate use of, experts, talents and high-quality human resources in the field of digital transformation in accordance with the laws on cadres, civil servants and public employees; science, technology and innovation; and the digital technology industry; and other relevant laws.

2. State agencies and state enterprises may hire experts and collaborators as follows:

a/ Proactively selecting forms and terms of contracts with domestic and foreign personnel and experts;

b/ For state enterprises, cooperating, exchanging and using experts and personnel to serve digital transformation activities.

3. Persons with exceptionally outstanding achievements in digital transformation shall be honoured and commended in accordance with the law on emulation and commendation.

Article 19. Incentives for cadres, civil servants and public employees performing digital transformation work

1. Agencies in the political system shall apply specific remuneration regimes for persons performing digital transformation work, including cadres, civil servants and public employees of units assigned to perform the function of state management of digital transformation of central agencies, provinces and cities; full-time personnel performing digital transformation and cybersecurity work in agencies in the political system; chief engineers and chief architects in science, technology, innovation and digital transformation; and other job positions related to digital transformation.

2. Forms of remuneration include salaries, allowances, working conditions, and career development opportunities and other forms of commendation.

3. Remuneration regimes and policies for the subjects prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article must comply with the Government’s regulations.

Section 2

FINANCES FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION

Article 20. Financial sources for digital transformation

1. The State shall ensure annual expenditure for digital transformation at the rate of at least 1% of the total state budget expenditure from the total minimum expenditure of 3% of the state budget for development of science, technology, innovation and digital transformation, and shall gradually increase such rate according to development requirements in order to implement the guidelines and policies of the Party and the State in each period.

State budget funds allocated for digital transformation serving national defence and security must comply with this Law’s provisions on a number of specific contents in the Law on the State Budget, and shall be included in the total expenditure for science, technology, innovation and digital transformation.

2. Off-state-budget financial sources include lawful financial sources of enterprises, organisations and individuals; science and technology development funds of enterprises, organisations and public non-business units; and other lawful financial sources as prescribed by law.

Article 21. State budget expenditure for digital transformation

1. State budget expenditure items for digital transformation activities must comply with Article 4 of this Law.

2. The Government shall prescribe the management of investment, procurement and service hiring and specific mechanisms for experimental development in digital transformation using state budget funds; state budget expenditure items; and assignment of expenditure items between the central budget and local budgets for digital transformation.

3. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies, other central agencies and localities shall propose the use of state budget funds for digital transformation, ensuring conformity with the digital transformation strategies, programmes and plans prescribed in Article 12 of this Law and state budget expenditure items prescribed in Clause 2 of this Article.

Section 3

DEVELOPMENT OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Article 22. Digital transformation infrastructure

1. Digital transformation infrastructure is infrastructure for comprehensive digital transformation, serving the production, transmission, collection, processing, storage and exchange of digital data. Digital transformation infrastructure includes digital infrastructure and public digital infrastructure.

2. The State shall uniformly manage and operate the following public digital infrastructure facilities according to the principles of openness, safety, transparency and guarantee of equal access rights:

a/ Electronic identification and authentication in accordance with the law on identity;

b/ Digital payment infrastructure managed and operated by the State;

c/ National-level platforms for data connection, integration, sharing and coordination;

d/ National electronic authentication infrastructure.

3. In each period, the state management agency in charge of digital transformation shall formulate and submit to the Prime Minister for promulgation the Digital Infrastructure Strategy, which must identify digital infrastructure components, digital infrastructure development objectives, and tasks and solutions for implementation.

Article 23. Development of data centres and cloud computing

1. The state management agency in charge of electricity shall assume the prime responsibility for formulating and promulgating, or submit to competent authorities for promulgation, adjustment or supplementation, the national power development plan in order to ensure green and clean power sources and backup power for data centres; and direct electricity units to prioritise the allocation of stable and high-quality power sources in areas planned for development of data centres, in conformity with the Master Plan on Information and Communications Infrastructure, the Digital Infrastructure Strategy and provincial master plans.

2. Provincial-level People’s Committees shall arrange appropriate land areas in local land-use master plans and plans for data centre projects, prioritising allocation of land areas in hi-tech parks, digital technology zones and areas with favourable technical infrastructure conditions, ensuring conformity with the Master Plan on Information and Communications infrastructure, the Digital Infrastructure Strategy and provincial master plans.

3. Ministries, sectors and localities shall assess and consider prioritising plans that choose models of cloud computing-based deployment in investment, procurement and service hiring activities serving digital transformation activities.

4. Competent agencies shall promulgate and declare national standards and national technical regulations on data centres; and prescribe the declaration of conformity of data centres with standards and technical regulations in accordance with the law on telecommunications.

5. Infrastructure of the National Data Centre is an important digital infrastructure component serving national digital transformation. The assurance of resources for building and developing infrastructure of the National Data Centre must comply with the law on data.

Article 24. Development of transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connection

1. The State shall encourage and create conditions for the integration of sensor devices enabling the collection of data on the ambient environment and digital technology applications into technical infrastructure for transport, energy, water supply and drainage, urban areas, public buildings, the environment and other technical infrastructure.

2. The implementation of projects integrated into technical infrastructure prescribed in Clause 1 of this Article must meet the following requirements:

a/ Capability of connection and sharing of essential data generated from sensor devices, compliance with the laws on data and personal data protection;

b/ Compliance with relevant standards and technical regulations; assurance of cybersecurity and scalability, compatibility, interoperability and continuous operation among systems; and promotion of comprehensive digital transformation in each sector.

3. Within the ambit of their tasks and powers, ministries, ministerial-level agencies and provincial-level People’s Committees have the following responsibilities:

a/ To promulgate, or submit to competent authorities for promulgation, regulations on technical infrastructure works under their management that are required to integrate sensor devices and other digital technology applications, together with a roadmap for application suitable to the Digital Infrastructure Strategy and master plans and strategies in each sector;

b/ To promulgate standards, technical regulations and requirements on connection, sharing and exploitation suitable to each sector;

c/ To promulgate standards and technical regulations and guidance to ensure that data from transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connection can be connected, shared and exploited in a unified manner; to promulgate standards and technical regulations on cybersecurity for data generated, processed and retrieved from transmission infrastructure for machine-to-machine connection.

Section 4

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL SHARED DIGITAL SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL PLATFORMS

Article 25. Development of national shared digital systems

1. The State shall prioritise state budget resources for investment in, and development of, national shared digital systems.

2. The State shall encourage organisations and enterprises to participate in the development and operation of digital systems in the form of public-private partnership on the basis of compliance with technical standards and technical regulations.

Article 26. Shared digital platforms of agencies in the political system

1. The state management agency in charge of digital transformation shall assume the prime responsibility for formulating and submitting to the Prime Minister for promulgation the criteria and list of national shared digital platforms in agencies in the political system; declare and promulgate standards, technical regulations and technical requirements for shared digital platforms; and carry out online measurement and supervision of the operation and exploitation of shared digital platforms.

2. Agencies in the political system shall build, manage and operate shared digital platforms under their management to serve shared professional operations, avoid duplication and ensure efficiency, in an open and flexible manner; and open and publicly declare standards and technical regulations that allow enterprises to participate in developing and providing services on digital platforms.

Section 5

OTHER ASSURANCE MEASURES

Article 27. Assurance of cybersecurity

1. Agencies, organisations and individuals participating in, or related to, digital transformation activities shall comply with the laws on cybersecurity, data, personal data protection, and protection of state secrets and other relevant laws. Data managers shall proactively establish processes and measures to protect data suitable to the nature of their operation and methods of meeting requests of data subjects, unless otherwise provided by law.

2. Managers of digital infrastructure, public digital infrastructure, digital systems, digital platforms, information systems and databases shall develop tools to proactively screen, detect, notify and handle content in order to protect users from bad and harmful content, unlawful information, fake news and fraudulent content in accordance with the law on cybersecurity and other relevant laws.

Article 28. Regulatory sandboxes

Agencies, organisations and enterprises may carry out regulatory sandboxes for processes, solutions, products, services and business models in digital transformation in accordance with the laws on science, technology and innovation; the digital technology industry; and data; and other relevant laws.

Article 29. Promotion of development and application of digital twins

1. Agencies, organisations and individuals researching, developing and applying digital twins in sectors and fields will be entitled to incentives in accordance with the laws on science, technology and innovation and the digital technology industry; and have intellectual property rights protected over related models, algorithms and solutions.

2. Organisations and individuals deploying digital twins are obliged to ensure the accuracy, updating and synchronisation of data; notify users when they are interacting with or using outputs generated by digital twins; and take responsibility for consequences arising from the use of digital twins in management, operation and decision-making.

Article 30. Statistics, measurement, supervision and assessment of digital transformation effectiveness

1. The state management agency in charge of digital transformation has the following responsibilities:

a/ To develop and promulgate a unified set of indicators for assessment of the level of digital transformation; to build, manage and operate the Platform for Statistics, Measurement, Supervision and Assessment of Digital Transformation Implementation;

b/ To annually organise assessment of the level of digital transformation of the country, ministries, sectors and localities; assessment results shall be publicised and serve as a basis for ranking, commendation, policy adjustment and prioritised allocation of funds for agencies and localities.

2. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies, other central agencies and provincial-level People’s Committees shall collect, provide and update full, accurate and timely data on the Platform for Statistics, Measurement, Supervision and Assessment of Digital Transformation Implementation to serve the state management of digital transformation.

Chapter VI

DIGITAL GOVERNMENT

Article 31. Activities of the digital Government

1. State agencies shall provide public services and carry out end-to-end process of internal governance, direction, administration, supervision and examination in the digital environment, unless otherwise provided by law; and shall have plans for handling emergencies or incidents that interrupt operation in the digital environment, and plans for response, incident remedy and maintenance of normal operation.

2. Direction, administration and decision-making activities shall be carried out based on complete, accurate and timely digital data.

3. Operational processes shall be reviewed, standardised, restructured and simplified before digitalisation, ensuring streamlining and non-duplication, increasing automation, and refraining from requiring organisations and individuals to provide valid digital information and data that have been provided.

4. To comply with the principles of digital transformation prescribed in Article 6 of this Law.

Article 32. Provision of online public services

1. State agencies shall provide online public services in a unified and centralised manner from the central to local levels on the National Public Service Portal and the national identification application, specifically as follows:

a/ Administrative procedures shall be provided by default in the form of end-to-end online public services;

b/ Administrative procedures shall be provided in the form of partially online public services only where otherwise provided by law or where a technical incident occurs and cannot be immediately remedied.

2. The provision of information and online public services by state agencies in the digital environment must comply with the Government’s regulations.

3. State agencies have the following responsibilities:

a/ To guide and support citizens in the process of using online public services; to publicise procedures, processing time limits and processing results in accordance with this Law and other relevant laws;

b/ To handle, in accordance with relevant laws, cadres, civil servants, public employees and workers who request the submission of additional papers where information systems serving the settlement of administrative procedures have been connected to, and are able to exploit and use data from, national databases and specialised databases.

Article 33. Interoperability, integration and exploitation of data to serve the settlement of administrative procedures

1. Information systems for settlement of administrative procedures, information systems participating in the processing of administrative procedures or provision of online public services shall be designed, built, connected, interoperated and operated in compliance with the digital national overall architecture framework, the national data architecture framework, the national data governance and management framework, the shared data dictionary, and relevant standards, technical regulations and technical requirements.

2. State agencies shall connect, share and exploit data from national databases, specialised databases and information systems of other agencies to settle administrative procedures and provide online public services, ensuring uninterrupted interoperability and no fragmentation between the central and local levels.

Article 34. Assurance of quality of online public services

1. Information systems for settlement of administrative procedures and information systems participating in the processing of administrative procedures or provision of online public services shall be designed to measure and supervise service quality in real time, including speed, stability, processing capacity, level of automation, user experience and cybersecurity assurance.

2. State agencies shall comply with standards, technical regulations and technical requirements in order to provide quality and effective online public services in the digital environment; take remedial measures and guide alternative plans when incidents occur; promptly handle technical errors and arising problems; and publicise on the National Public Service Portal and their portals the following contents:

a/ Service quality commitments;

b/ Real-time quality supervision indicators;

c/ Feedback and incident handling mechanisms;

d/ Results of service quality improvement;

dd/ Service use effectiveness;

e/ Satisfaction levels of citizens and enterprises when using services.

3. The quality of online public services shall be continuously improved based on independent assessment results, user surveys and actual use data.

4. The Minister of Science and Technology shall promulgate standards, technical regulations and technical requirements for online public services; and guide methods for measuring, assessing and declaring the quality of online public services.

Article 35. Universal accessibility in the use of online public services

1. Agencies providing online public services shall ensure that users can easily access and use them, especially persons with disabilities, elderly persons, children, people living in border areas, islands, ethnic minority areas, mountainous areas, areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions, and other vulnerable groups.

2. Agencies providing online public services shall periodically self-assess the level of universalisation and accessibility of online public services; publicise assessment results; receive and handle reports of organisations and individuals; and take timely remedial measures.

Chapter VII

DIGITAL ECONOMY, DIGITAL SOCIETY

Section 1

DIGITAL ECONOMY

Article 36. Development of the digital economy

1. Developing the digital economy is a key and breakthrough task in the country’s socio-economic development strategy, aimed at promoting rapid, sustainable, inclusive and efficient growth based on digital systems, digital platforms, digital technologies and digital data.

2. The development of the digital economy must ensure the following requirements:

a/ Placing enterprises at the centre and promoting the application and development of digital technologies;

b/ Prioritising the development of digital systems, digital platforms and digital ecosystems to serve domestic and international market demands;

c/ Being associated with the assurance of cybersecurity and personal data protection;

d/ Complying with the principles of digital transformation specified in Article 6 of this Law.

3. The State shall create a healthy competitive environment, promote digital economy activities; implement risk management and supervise digital economy activities.

Article 37. Policies on development of digital economy for small- and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives and business households

1. The State shall implement financial support measures and other forms of support for small- and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives and businesses households to implement digital transformation and participate in development of digital economy activities, contributing to the goal of rapid and sustainable growth.

2. Support shall be provided to eligible beneficiaries in adherence to the principles of publicity, transparency and conformity with the demands and level of digital transformation of each organisation or enterprise, ensuring a focused and targeted approach in line with the resource-balancing capacity.

3. The Government shall specify the contents, criteria, conditions and forms of support, with priority given to small- and medium-sized enterprises, cooperatives and business households that meet one of the following criteria:

a/ Operating in ethnic minority areas, and areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions;

b/ Operating in sectors and fields prioritised for digital transformation according to the National Strategy on Digital Transformation and the National Digital Transformation Programme.

4. The state management agency in charge of digital transformation shall assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies and provincial-level People’s Committees in, guiding and organising the implementation of support activities; and periodically synthesise, evaluate, and report thereon to the Government under regulations.

Article 38. Responsibilities of managers of digital systems and digital platforms

1. To publicly and transparently disclose the code of conduct, terms and conditions of use, mechanisms for receiving and settling complaints, and user protection policies.

2. To establish technical measures and management procedures to detect, prevent and remove information and content that violate law or are contrary to good morals or harmful to users on their digital systems or digital platforms as requested by competent state agencies.

3. Managers of intermediary digital platforms may not commit acts of obstruction, coercion, illegal discrimination, or unfair competition against other providers when participating in providing products and services on digital platforms.

4. To comply with the laws on e-transactions, e-commerce, cybersecurity and personal data protection, and other relevant laws.

Article 39. Making statistics of, and reporting on, the digital economy

1. A statistical system on the digital economy shall be established to monitor, measure and evaluate activities of the digital economy, be used as a basis for making policies, strategies and master plans, and serve the state management of digital economy development.

2. The state management agency in charge of statistics shall formulate, update and publish the system of statistical indicators, measurement methods and mechanisms for reporting and sharing data on the digital economy.

3. Agencies, organisations and enterprises shall provide and submit reports on data for making statistics of the digital economy at the request of competent state agencies in accordance with law.

Section 2

DIGITAL SOCIETY

Article 40. Development of the digital society

1. The development of the digital society is aimed at creating a working, learning and interaction environment to ensure that organisations and individuals can access, use and benefit from digital transformation in a convenient, safe and effective manner in the digital environment.

2. The development of the digital society must ensure the following requirements:

a/ Ensuring that all citizens, especially vulnerable groups and people living in border areas, islands, ethnic minority and mountainous areas, and areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions, have the opportunity to access and benefit from digital services;

b/ Protecting personal data and ensuring cybersecurity for citizens and enterprises participating in e-transactions and digital services;

c/ Promoting responsible behaviour and culture of conduct in the digital environment;

d/ Adhering to the principles of digital transformation specified in Article 6 of this Law.

3. The State shall adopt policies to prioritise the development of the digital society, focusing on the following tasks:

a/ Developing digital competence;

b/ Narrowing the digital divide;

c/ Ensuring a safe digital environment;

d/ Protecting human rights and citizens’ rights in the digital environment;

dd/ Developing digital culture.

Article 41. Human rights and citizens’ rights in the digital environment

1. Human rights and citizens’ rights shall be recognised, respected and protected, and shall not be denied solely on the grounds that they are exercised in the digital environment.

2. To register, use and manage electronic identity accounts, electronic transaction accounts and digital signatures in accordance with the laws on electronic identification and authentication and e-transactions.

3. To have personal data protected in accordance with the law on personal data protection.

4. To be provided with basic digital competence.

5. To have the right to choose whether to use, or discontinue the use of, digital products and services on the basis of being provided with complete, clear, accurate, transparent and timely information on the terms and conditions of use; and not to be subject to unreasonable conditions or discrimination when using digital products and services.

6. To be guaranteed fair and safe access in the digital environment, especially vulnerable groups.

7. To have the rights to request competent agencies to protect their lawful rights in the digital environment.

8. To have the rights of digital citizens guaranteed in accordance with relevant laws.

Article 42. Narrowing of the digital divide

1. The State shall prioritise the allocation of resources, including investment capital and other forms of financial support, to narrow the digital divide, ensuring that resources shall be allocated at a level higher than the national average level to border areas, islands, ethnic minority and mountainous areas, and areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions.

2. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies, and People’s Committees at all levels shall, based on the National Strategy on Digital Transformation and the National Digital Transformation Programme, universalise, support conditions for access to, and facilitate the capability to use, basic digital services, and raising the requirements for universalisation of telecommunications services, attaching importance to vulnerable groups and people living in border areas, islands, ethnic minority and mountainous areas, and areas with difficult or extremely difficult socio-economic conditions.

3. The State shall adopt policies to support enterprises in providing free public digital signature certificates to citizens in conformity with the provisions on eligible geographical areas and subjects and implementation duration specified in the National Strategy on Digital Transformation and the National Digital Transformation Programme under Article 12 of this Law.

4. Telecommunications enterprises shall provide universal telecommunications services according to the list of services, geographical areas, regions, conditions, quality, and service prices in accordance with the law on telecommunications.

Article 43. Assurance of a safe and child-friendly digital environment

1. Children’s rights shall be protected and ensured to be safe and healthy in the digital environment from the design stage of digital products and services.

2. Ministers and heads of ministerial-level agencies shall organise the formulation, declaration and promulgation of standards and technical regulations for products and services for protection of children in the digital environment; and adopt mechanisms for monitoring, warning, and strictly handling acts of infringing upon, or providing information harmful to, children in the digital environment, in conformity with the management requirements of their assigned sectors and fields.

3. Families and schools shall proactively educate and guide children on digital competence and behaviour in the digital environment; supervise the time of access and accessed content; and select permitted online activities for children in the digital environment.

4. Digital content products containing content that is harmful to children must display warning signs.

Article 44. Support for the elderly and people with disabilities in digital transformation

1. The State shall prioritise support for the elderly and people with disabilities in their participation in and use of digital products and services, including:

a/ To be eligible for exemption from or reduction of electronic authentication charges and online public service charges as prescribed by law;

b/ To be provided with counseling and guidance when conducting e-transactions related to administrative procedures, healthcare, insurance, and social security;

c/ To be supported to participate in basic digital competence universalisation and upskilling programmes designed to suit the elderly and people with disabilities.

2. Enterprises are encouraged to participate in developing and providing digital products and services that meet accessibility support standards for the elderly and people with disabilities in accordance with law.

3. Provincial-level People’s Committees shall organise the implementation of activities to support and promote digital transformation for the elderly and people with disabilities in their localities, ensuring convenient, safe, and appropriate access conditions to meet the needs of these groups.

Article 45. Digital culture

1. Digital culture is the values, norms, behaviours, creative activities, and sharing of cultural content in the digital environment in accordance with law and Vietnam’s cultural traditions.

2. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism shall:

a/ Issue, and organise the implementation of, the code of conduct for cultural behaviour in the digital environment;

b/ Formulate, manage, operate, update, maintain, and guide the exploitation and use of, the national database on cultural heritage.

3. The State shall adopt policies to encourage and support organisations and individuals in creating, producing and distributing digital content products in accordance with law and in conformity with Vietnam’s cultural traditions.

Chapter VIII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 46. To amend, supplement or annul a number of articles, clauses and points of relevant laws

1. To add Point d1 below Point d, Clause 2, Article 66 of Law No. 93/2025/QH15 on Science, Technology and Innovation as follows:

“d1/ To carry out digital transformation activities in accordance with the law on digital transformation;”.

2. To annul Clause 5, Article 42 of Law No. 20/2023/QH15 on E-Transactions, which has a number of articles amended and supplemented under Law No. 60/2024/QH15 and Law No. 116/2025/QH15.

Article 47. Effect

1. This Law takes effect on July 1, 2026.

2. Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology, which has a number of articles amended and supplemented under Law No. 21/2017/QH14, Law No. 20/2023/QH15, Law No. 24/2023/QH15, Law No. 71/2025/QH15 and Law No. 84/2025/QH15 (below referred to as Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology), ceases to be effective on the effective date of this Law, except Clauses 1 and 2, Article 48 of this Law.

Article 48. Transitional provisions

1. Strategies, programmes, schemes, projects and tasks related to information technology, information technology applications and digital transformation that have been approved and implementing before the effective date of this Law shall continue to be implemented in accordance with Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology and legal documents detailing Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology until their completion, unless the parties choose to apply this Law.

2. Information technology certificates and information technology application certificates issued under Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology and relevant legal documents shall remain valid until their expiration date.

3. Ministries and ministerial-level agencies shall review legal documents detailing, and providing measures to organise and guide the implementation of, Law No. 67/2006/QH11 on Information Technology issued before the effective date of this Law, and announce, or report thereon to competent authorities for the latter to announce whether these documents continue to be wholly or partially effective in accordance with the Law on the Promulgation of Legal Documents.

This Law was passed on December 11, 2025, by the 15^th National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 10^th session.

Chairman of the National Assembly
TRAN THANH MAN