Law on Artificial Intelligence 2025, No. 134/2025/QH15

LAW

On Artificial Intelligence¹

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which has a number of articles amended and supplemented under Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly promulgates the Law on Artificial Intelligence.

Chapter I

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1. Scope of regulation

1. This Law provides the research, development, provision, deployment and use of artificial intelligence systems (below referred to as artificial intelligence activities); rights and obligations of related organisations and individuals, and the state management of artificial intelligence activities in Vietnam.

2. Artificial intelligence activities that exclusively serve the purposes of national defence, security and cipher are not governed by this Law.

Article 2. Subjects of application

This Law applies to Vietnamese agencies, organisations and individuals, and foreign organisations and individuals involved in artificial intelligence activities in Vietnam.

Article 3. Interpretation of terms

In this Law, the terms below are construed as follows:

1. Artificial intelligence means the electronic execution of human intellectual capabilities, including learning, reasoning, perception, judgement, and natural language understanding.

2. Artificial intelligence system means a machine-based system which is designed to perform artificial intelligence capabilities with different levels of autonomy, capable of self-adaptation after deployment; based on explicitly or implicitly set objectives, the system infers from input data to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recommendations or decisions that may influence physical or digital environments.

3. Developer means an organisation or individual that performs the design, construction, training, testing or fine-tuning of the whole or part of an artificial intelligence model, algorithm or system, and has direct control over technical methods, training data or model parameters.

4. Provider means an organisation or individual that puts an artificial intelligence system on the market or into use under its/his/her own name, brand, or trademark, regardless of whether the system is developed by itself/himself/herself or by a third party.

5. Deployer means an organisation or individual that uses an artificial intelligence system under its/his/her control in professional, commercial or service provision activities. This excludes cases of use for personal and non-commercial purposes.

6. User means an organisation or individual that directly interacts with an artificial intelligence system or uses outputs of such system.

7. Affected person means an organisation or individual whole lawful rights and interests, life, health, property, reputation or access to services is/are directly or indirectly affected due to the deployment or outputs of an artificial intelligence system.

8. Serious incident means an event occurring during the operation of an artificial intelligence system that causes or is likely to cause significant damage to life, health, human rights, property, cybersecurity, public order or the environment, or disrupts the operation of information systems critical to national security.

Article 4. Fundamental principles in artificial intelligence activities

1. Artificial intelligence activities are human-centric; guarantee human rights, privacy, national interests, public interests and national security; and comply with the Constitution and laws.

2. Artificial intelligence activities serve humans and do not replace human authority and responsibility; ensure the maintenance of human control and intervention over all decisions and actions of artificial intelligence systems; ensure system safety, data security and information confidentiality; and ensure the ability to inspect and supervise the development and operation of artificial intelligence systems.

3. Artificial intelligence activities ensure fairness, transparency, impartiality, non-discrimination, and no harm to humans or society; ensure compliance with Vietnamese ethical standards and cultural values; and perform accountability for decisions and consequences of artificial intelligence systems.

4. Artificial intelligence activities promote the development of green, inclusive, and sustainable artificial intelligence; promote the development and application of artificial intelligence technologies towards energy efficiency, resource conservation, and mitigation of negative environmental impacts.

Article 5. The State’s policies on artificial intelligence activities

1. To adopt policies to develop artificial intelligence into an important driving force for the country’s growth, innovation and sustainable development.

2. To promote regulatory sandboxes for technologies; to apply management measures proportionate to risk levels and promote the application of voluntary compliance mechanisms.

3. To adopt policies to guarantee rights and create conditions for organisations and individuals to access, learn, and benefit from artificial intelligence; to promote the development and application of artificial intelligence for social welfare, supporting persons with disabilities, the poor and ethnic minority people to bridge the digital divide; and to preserve and promote the national cultural identity.

4. To prioritise investment in, and mobilise social resources for development of, data infrastructure, computing infrastructure, safe artificial intelligence, high-quality human resources, and shared artificial intelligence platforms of national strategic importance.

5. To prioritise the application of artificial intelligence in the management, administration, public service provision, and support for decision making by state agencies in order to improve efficiency, transparency and the quality of services for citizens and enterprises; to promote the widespread application of artificial intelligence in socio-economic sectors and fields in order to improve productivity, service quality and management efficiency.

6. To encourage organisations, networks and social initiatives to promote safety, ethics and reliability of artificial intelligence activities, and build social trust in artificial intelligence development.

7. To promote the application of artificial intelligence in business operations and key socio-economic sectors; to develop the startup and innovation ecosystem; and to promote public-private partnerships.

8. To proactively carry out international integration and cooperation; to participate in building and shaping global governance standards and frameworks; to ensure national interests and sovereignty in artificial intelligence.

Article 6. Application of artificial intelligence in sectors and fields

1. The application of artificial intelligence in sectors and fields must adhere to the risk management principles specified in this Law and comply with relevant laws.

2. For essential sectors that have direct impacts on human life, health, lawful rights and interests, or social order and safety, the application of artificial intelligence shall be subject to stricter risk management as suited to the special characteristics of each of those sectors:

a/ Healthcare: ensuring safety of patients; reliability under practical use conditions; protection of health data in accordance with the law;

b/ Education: ensuring suitability for age characteristics and development of learners; preventing risks in the assessment, classification and exertion of adverse impacts on learners; ensuring data security and privacy.

3. The application of artificial intelligence in scientific research activities must comply with research ethics and scientific integrity, and help prevent fraud and plagiarism during the research and publication process.

4. The Government, ministries and ministerial-level agencies shall, within the ambit of their functions, tasks and powers, specify safety requirements, risk management and deployment conditions for the application of artificial intelligence in the sectors and fields under their management, ensuring compliance with the provisions of this Law.

Article 7. Prohibited acts

1. Taking advantage of or misappropriating artificial intelligence systems to commit illegal acts or infringe upon lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals.

2. Developing, providing, deploying or using artificial intelligence systems for the following purposes:

a/ To commit acts prohibited by law;

b/ To use forged elements or simulations of real people or real events to intentionally and systematically deceive or manipulate human perceptions and behaviours, causing serious harm to lawful rights and interests of humans;

c/ To exploit weaknesses of vulnerable groups, including children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, ethnic minority people, persons who have lost their civil act capacity or have limited civil act capacity, or persons with cognitive difficulties, to cause harm to themselves or others;

d/ To create or disseminate fake content capable of posing a serious danger to national security, public order and social safety.

3. Collecting, processing or using data to develop, train, test or operate artificial intelligence systems in contravention of the regulations on data, personal data protection, intellectual property and cybersecurity.

4. Obstructing, disabling or distorting mechanisms for human supervision, intervention and control over artificial intelligence systems as specified in this Law.

5. Concealing information required to be made public, transparent or accountable; erasing or falsifying mandatory information, labels or warnings in artificial intelligence activities.

6. Taking advantage of artificial intelligence system research, testing, assessment or verification activities to commit illegal acts.

Article 8. One-stop artificial intelligence portal and national database on artificial intelligence systems

1. The one-stop artificial intelligence portal is a digital platform established to support the receipt and registration of participation in sandboxes; receive notifications regarding classification results for artificial intelligence systems, reports on serious incidents, and periodic reports; publicise information on artificial intelligence systems, conformity assessment results, and violation handling results as specified by law; and connect support programmes, funds, infrastructure and shared data.

2. The national database on artificial intelligence systems shall be built and managed uniformly to serve the management, supervision, and publication of information on artificial intelligence systems in accordance with law.

3. The publicisation, connection and sharing of data on the one-stop artificial intelligence portal and the national database on artificial intelligence systems must ensure information safety and security; serve to protect state secrets, business secrets and personal data.

4. The Government shall provide in detail the mechanism for operation, management and use of the one-stop artificial intelligence portal and the national database on artificial intelligence systems.

Chapter II

RISK-BASED CLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS

Article 9. Classification of risk levels of artificial intelligence systems

1. Artificial intelligence systems are classified according to the following risk levels:

a/ High-risk artificial intelligence systems are those that can cause significant damage to the life, health, lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals, national interests, public interests and national security;

b/ Medium-risk artificial intelligence systems are those capable of confusing, impacting or manipulating users that are unable to recognise that the interacting entity is an artificial intelligence system or that the content is generated by the system;

c/ Low-risk artificial intelligence systems are those not specified in Points a and b of this Clause.

2. The classification of risks for artificial intelligence systems is determined on the basis of criteria regarding the level of impacts on human rights, safety and security; the fields in which the systems are used, particularly essential fields or those directly related to public interests; the range of users and the magnitude of impacts of these systems.

3. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 10. Classification and notification of artificial intelligence systems

1. Providers shall classify artificial intelligence systems themselves before putting them into service. Systems classified as medium-risk or high-risk must be accompanied by classification dossiers.

2. Deployers may inherit classification results of providers and shall ensure the safety and integrity of systems during use; in cases of modification, integration or functional changes that give rise to new or higher risks, they shall coordinate with providers in carrying out re-classification.

3. For systems classified as medium-risk or high-risk, providers shall notify classification results to the Ministry of Science and Technology via the one-stop artificial intelligence portal before putting them into service. Organisations and individuals that develop low-risk artificial intelligence systems are encouraged to publicise basic information about such systems in order to enhance transparency.

4. In case it is impossible to determine the risk level, providers may request the Ministry of Science and Technology to provide classification guidance based on technical dossiers.

5. The inspection and supervision shall be carried out according to risk levels of systems:

a/ High-risk artificial intelligence systems shall be inspected periodically or when they show signs of violation;

b/ Medium-risk artificial intelligence systems shall be supervised through reporting, sample testing or assessment by independent organisations;

c/ Low-risk artificial intelligence systems shall be monitored and inspected in case of incidents or feedback, or when necessary to ensure system safety, without giving rise to unnecessary obligations of organisations and individuals.

6. Based on results of inspection and supervision specified in Clause 5 of this Article, upon detecting discrepancies or untruthful declarations, competent agencies shall require re-classification, supplementation of dossiers, or suspension of system use, and simultaneously handle the violations in accordance with law.

7. The Government shall provide in detail contents to be notified, procedures for notification, and technical guidelines for risk classification.

Article 11. Transparency obligation

1. Providers shall ensure that artificial intelligence systems interacting directly with humans are designed and operated in a manner that enables users to recognise they are interacting with such systems, unless otherwise provided by law.

2. Providers shall ensure that audio, image and video content generated by artificial intelligence systems are marked in a machine-readable format under the Government’s regulations.

3. Deployers shall provide clear notifications when providing the public with texts, audio recordings, images or videos generated or edited by artificial intelligence systems if such content is likely to cause confusion regarding the authenticity of events or characters, unless otherwise provided by law.

4. Deployers shall ensure that audio recordings, images or videos generated or edited by artificial intelligence systems to simulate or replicate the appearance or voices of real persons or to recreate actual events are attached with easily recognisable labels to distinguish them from real content.

For products that are cinematographic, artistic or creative works, the labelling specified in this Clause shall be carried out in a suitable manner without obstructiing the display, performance or enjoyment of the works.

5. Providers and deployers shall maintain transparent information under this Article throughout the process of providing systems, products or content to users.

6. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on forms of notification and labelling.

Article 12. Responsibility to manage and handle artificial intelligence incidents

1. Developers, providers, deployers and users of artificial intelligence systems shall ensure safety, security and reliability of such systems, and promptly detect and remedy incidents likely to cause harm to humans, property, data or social order.

2. When a serious incident occurs in an artificial intelligence system, the developer, provider, deployer and users of such system have the following responsibilities:

a/ The developer and provider shall urgently apply technical measures to remedy, suspend or recall the system, and simultaneously notify the competent agency of the incident;

b/ The deployer and users are obliged to record and promptly notify the incident and coordinate with one another during the remediation process.

3. The competent state management agency shall receive, verify and guide the remediation of the incident; when necessary, it may require the suspension, recall, or re-assessment of the artificial intelligence system.

4. Reporting and remediation of incidents shall be carried out via the one-stop artificial intelligence portal.

5. The Government shall specify the reporting and responsibilities of related agencies, organisations and individuals as appropriate to the severity of incidents and scope of impact of artificial intelligence systems.

Article 13. Conformity assessment for high-risk artificial intelligence systems

1. High-risk artificial intelligence systems must undergo a conformity assessment in accordance with this Law before being put into service or when there is a significant change during use. In case there are standards or technical regulations for artificial intelligence systems, conformity assessment shall also be carried out in accordance with the law on standards and technical regulations.

2. Conformity assessment means the confirmation that an artificial intelligence system satisfies the requirements specified in Article 14 of this Law and shall be carried out as follows:

a/ For high-risk artificial intelligence systems on the list of systems requiring conformity certification before being put into service: the assessment shall be carried out by a conformity assessment organisation registered or recognised in accordance with law;

b/ For other high-risk artificial intelligence systems: providers shall assess conformity by themselves or hire conformity assessment organisations registered or recognised in accordance with law.

3. Results of the conformity assessment constitute a condition for a high-risk artificial intelligence system to be permitted to be used; organisations and individuals whose artificial intelligence systems have undergone conformity assessment shall maintain the conformity and publicise information thereon under the Government’s regulations, which serves as a basis for inspecting and supervising the compliance with Article 10 of this Law.

4. The Prime Minister shall promulgate the list of high-risk artificial intelligence systems, including the list of artificial intelligence systems requiring conformity certification before being put into use.

5. Organisations carrying out conformity assessment and verification of artificial intelligence systems shall ensure their independence, possess sufficient technical capacity as specified by law, and be subject to periodic supervision by competent state agencies.

6. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 14. Management of high-risk artificial intelligence systems

1. Providers of high-risk artificial intelligence systems have the following responsibilities:

a/ To establish and maintain risk management measures and regularly review them when the systems experience significant changes or new risks arise;

b/ To manage training, testing and operation data to ensure quality within technical capabilities and in conformity with the intended use of the systems;

c/ To prepare, update and archive technical dossiers and operation logs to the extent necessary for conformity assessment and post-service inspection; to provide such information to competent state agencies according to the principles of necessity, proportionate to inspection purposes, and non-disclosure of business secrets;

d/ To design the systems to ensure the possibility of human supervision and intervention;

dd/ To perform the transparency obligation and handle incidents under Articles 11 and 12 of this Law;

e/ To perform the responsibility of accountability to competent state agencies regarding the purposes of use, operation principles at the functional description level, main types of input data, risk management and control measures, and other necessary contents for inspection and examination; to provide users and affected persons with public information at a functional description level, operational methods and risk warnings in order to ensure safety in use. Accountability and information provision may not require the disclosure of source codes, detailed algorithms, parameter sets, or information belonging to business or technological secrets;

g/ To coordinate with competent state agencies and deployers in carrying out examination, assessment, post-examination, and system-related incident remediation.

2. Deployers of high-risk artificial intelligence systems have the following responsibilities:

a/ To operate and supervise the systems according to their purposes, scope and classified risk levels, without giving rise to new or higher risks;

b/ To ensure data safety and confidentiality, and the possibility of human intervention during use;

c/ To maintain compliance with standards and technical regulations on artificial intelligence during system operation;

d/ To perform the transparency obligation and handle incidents under Articles 11 and 12 of this Law;

dd/ To perform the responsibility of accountability to competent state agencies regarding the system operation, risk control measures, incident handling, and other necessary contents for inspection and examination; to provide users and affected persons with public information at the functional description level, operational methods and risk warnings in order to ensure safety in use;

e/ To coordinate with providers and competent state agencies in carrying out inspection, assessment, post-examination and incident remediation.

3. Users of high-risk artificial intelligence systems shall comply with operation procedures, technical instructions and safety assurance measures; refrain from illegally interfering to change system features; and promptly notify deployers of incidents upon their occurrence.

4. Accountability must be appropriate to technical capabilities of systems and may not disclose business secrets as specified by law.

5. Providers and deployers are encouraged to participate in civil liability insurance or apply other suitable measures to guarantee the performance of obligations for timely incident remediation and compensation for damage.

6. Foreign providers whose high-risk artificial intelligence systems are provided for use in Vietnam must have lawful contacts in Vietnam; in case their systems are subject to mandatory conformity certification before use, they must have a commercial presence or an authorised representative in Vietnam.

7. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 15. Management of medium-risk and low-risk artificial intelligence systems

1. Medium-risk artificial intelligence systems shall be managed as follows:

a/ Providers and deployers shall ensure transparency under Article 11 of this Law;

b/ Providers shall explain the systems’ use purposes, operation principles at a functional description level, main input data, and risk management and system safety measures when so requested by state agencies during inspection or examination, or when there are signs of risks or incidents; the explanation does not require the disclosure of source codes, detailed algorithms, parameter sets or business or technological secrets;

c/ Deployers shall explain the operation, risk control, incident handling, and protection of lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals when so requested by competent state agencies during inspection, examination or incident handling;

d/ Users shall comply with regulations on notification and labelling of artificial intelligence systems.

2. Low-risk artificial intelligence systems shall be managed as follows:

a/ Providers shall give explanations when so requested by competent state agencies in case there are signs of law violation or impacts on lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals;

b/ Deployers shall give explanations when so requested by competent state agencies in case there are signs of law violation or impacts on lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals;

c/ Users have the right to use them for lawful purposes and take personal responsibility before the law for their use of such systems.

3. The State shall encourage organisations and individuals that deploy medium-risk and low-risk artificial intelligence systems to apply technical standards on artificial intelligence.

Chapter III

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INFRASTRUCTURE AND ASSURANCE OF NATIONAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SOVEREIGNTY

Article 16. National artificial intelligence infrastructure

1. National artificial intelligence infrastructure is strategic infrastructure, including infrastructure built by the State, enterprises, and social organisations, and shall be developed as a unified, open and safe ecosystem capable of connection, sharing, and expansion, ensuring that it meets artificial intelligence development and application requirements.

2. The State shall play a leading and coordinating role and ensure infrastructure capacity for national artificial intelligence development; encourage enterprises, research institutes, universities and social organisations to invest in, build and share artificial intelligence infrastructure; and strengthen public-private partnerships in artificial intelligence infrastructure development.

3. The State shall invest in, build and operate artificial intelligence infrastructure as public services for research, development, state management, and provision of support for innovative startups, including: computing capacity and shared data; training platforms, testing platforms, and sandbox environments; foundation models, multi-purpose artificial intelligence models, large language models for Vietnamese and ethnic minority languages; and other infrastructure components.

4. National artificial intelligence infrastructure built by the State, enterprises, and social organisations shall be connected, shared and utilised according to standards, technical regulations, and safety, security and data protection requirements.

5. The application of important artificial intelligence systems in essential sectors on the list promulgated by the Prime Minister shall be deployed on the national artificial intelligence infrastructure to ensure safety, security, and controllability.

6. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on mechanisms for coordination, sharing, provision of incentives, and application of measures to promote the development of the national artificial intelligence infrastructure appropriate to each period and national safety and security assurance requirements.

Article 17. Databases for artificial intelligence

1. Databases for artificial intelligence constitute an important component of the national artificial intelligence infrastructure, including the national databases, databases of ministries, ministerial-level agencies, Government-attached agencies and People’s Committees at all levels, and databases of organisations and individuals, which are established, managed and utilised to serve the training, testing, assessment and development of artificial intelligence applications in accordance with the laws on data, personal data protection, and intellectual property.

2. The national database on artificial intelligence, which is built and operated by the State at the National Data Centre, shall be organised in an open, safe and controlled manner, meeting the requirements for quality, connectivity and use; it includes open data, conditional open data, and commercial data as specified by law.

3. Databases for artificial intelligence of ministries, ministerial-level agencies, Government-attached agencies and People’s Committees at all levels shall be built, updated and connected uniformly with the national database on artificial intelligence, ensuring conformity to standards and technical regulations, data quality and information safety.

4. Databases of organisations and individuals for artificial intelligence are encouraged to be shared with state agencies and other organisations and individuals under agreed mechanisms; database sharing must comply with the laws on data, personal data protection, and intellectual property, ensuring lawful rights and interests of stakeholders.

5. The Prime Minister shall promulgate the list of datasets serving artificial intelligence development in essential sectors, prioritising data on culture, Vietnamese and ethnic minority languages, administrative procedures, healthcare, education, agriculture, the environment, transport, socio-economic activities, and other important fields.

6. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on principles for connection, mechanisms for data sharing and utilisation, and assurance of data safety within databases for artificial intelligence.

Article 18. Mastery of artificial intelligence technology

1. The State shall prioritise the development and mastery of core artificial intelligence technologies; prioritise resources for research and development of general-purpose artificial intelligence models, large language models for Vietnamese and ethnic minority languages, Vietnamese knowledge processing technology, high-performance computing and training technology, hardware, and semiconductors for artificial intelligence; and promote the development and application of open-source technologies to enhance technological autonomy, safety and national sovereignty in the digital environment.

2. The State shall promote research, development, improvement and application of domestic artificial intelligence technology; provide support for organisations and individuals in developing models, algorithms, software, hardware, and platform technologies; promotes resource-efficient solutions that are easy to implement and suitable to Vietnamese conditions; strengthen domestic capacities and artificial intelligence innovation ecosystem; and intensify public-private partnerships to master technology.

3. Organisations and individuals researching, developing and mastering core artificial intelligence technologies are entitled to special preferential and support policies provided by law.

4. The State shall promote the application of artificial intelligence for scientific research, analysis and simulation, technological design and testing, and automation of research, development and innovation processes in order to raise the national scientific and technological capacity; and create conditions for building the capacity to create and master the entire artificial intelligence technology lifecycle.

5. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on mechanisms, criteria and measures to promote the mastery of artificial intelligence technology as appropriate to each stage of development and national safety and security assurance requirements.

Chapter IV

APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM AND HUMAN RESOURCES

Article 19. National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence

1. The Prime Minister shall promulgate the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, and review, evaluate and update it at least once every 3 years or when there is a major change in technology or the market. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, Government-attached agencies and People’s Committees at all levels shall integrate objectives and tasks of the Strategy into their sectoral and local development strategies and plans, and ensure resources for implementation.

2. The National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence shall be developed based on development orientations for technology, infrastructure, data and human resources; promote research, mastery and application of artificial intelligence in priority sectors; ensure safety, innovation and national sovereignty in the digital environment. The Strategy must provide a system of indicators, methods and measurement mechanisms to evaluate the level of national artificial intelligence development.

3. The State shall promote the development of artificial intelligence technology groups suitable to Vietnam’s conditions, with the potential to create added value, environmental friendliness, capability for widespread application, and contribution to ensuring national sovereignty in the digital environment.

Article 20. Development of the artificial intelligence ecosystem and market

1. Organisations and individuals operating in the field of artificial intelligence are entitled to the highest incentives and support as provided by the laws on science and technology, investment, digital technology industry, high technology, digital transformation, and other relevant regulations; and may be provided with access to infrastructure, data, and sandbox environments for research, production, and commercialisation of artificial intelligence products and services.

2. The State shall provide support for the development of the artificial intelligence ecosystem and market, including:

a/ Prioritising the use of artificial intelligence products and services in accordance with the law on bidding;

b/ Developing markets for artificial intelligence products and services, including technology exchanges and supply-demand matching platforms;

c/ Ensuring fair and transparent access to computing infrastructure, data, and sandbox environments;

d/ Applying tax, investment and financial incentives on the principle of promoting research, production and commercialisation of artificial intelligence products and services.

3. The State shall promote the development and application of next-generation artificial intelligence, and innovation, and enhancement of management, production, business and public service provision capacity.

4. Organisations, individuals, enterprises, research facilities and state agencies are encouraged to utilise, share and reuse data in the national database on artificial intelligence for research, training, testing and innovation, ensuring compliance with the laws on data, personal data protection, cybersecurity, and intellectual property.

5. Small- and medium-sized enterprises and innovative artificial intelligence startups shall be given priority for accessing technical infrastructure, data and sandbox environments, and are entitled to support in terms of costs, training and market connection for developing artificial intelligence products and services.

6. The Government shall issued detail regulations on mechanisms, conditions and procedures for implementing support measures to develop the artificial intelligence ecosystem and market.

Article 21. Sandbox mechanism for artificial intelligence

1. The sandbox mechanism for artificial intelligence shall be implemented in accordance with the law on science, technology and innovation and the provisions of Clauses 2, 3 and 4 of this Article.

2. Results of sandbox implementation serve as a basis for competent state agencies to consider:

a/ Recognising conformity assessment results in accordance with this Law;

b/ Granting exemptions or reductions, or adjusting the relevant compliance obligation specified in this Law.

3. Competent state agencies shall assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with related agencies in, receiving, appraising and processing dossiers according to fast-track procedures for appraisal and feedback; supervise the testing process and decide to suspend or terminate the testing process when there arise risks affecting safety, security or lawful rights and interests of organisations and individuals.

4. The Government shall detail this Article.

Article 22. National Artificial Intelligence Development Fund

1. The National Artificial Intelligence Development Fund is an off-budget state financial fund, operating on a not-for-profit basis, and established by the Government to mobilise, coordinate and allocate resources to promote research, development, application and management of artificial intelligence to serve socio-economic development, national defence and security, and to improve national competitiveness.

2. The Fund’s financial sources include state budget allocations; contributions, aid and sponsorships from domestic and foreign organisations and individuals; and other lawful sources specified by law.

3. The Fund may apply a special financial mechanism that accepts risks in science, technology and innovation; shall allocate capital in a flexible manner according to project progress and implementation requirements, and is independent from budgetary years; and may apply simplified procedures for the performance of strategic tasks or tasks requiring rapid performance. The Fund shall be prioritised for use for investment in, sponsorship and financial support for:

a/ Development of artificial intelligence infrastructure;

b/ Research, development and mastery of core artificial intelligence technologies;

c/ Development of artificial intelligence enterprises;

d/ Training, retraining and attraction of artificial intelligence human resources;

dd/ Other investment and support tasks for the artificial intelligence development objective set by the Government.

4. The Fund shall operate on the principles of openness, transparency and efficiency, and for proper purposes; and ensure coordination and avoid duplication with other state financial funds.

5. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on special financial mechanisms for, and organisation, management, use and supervision of, the Fund.

Article 23. Development of artificial intelligence human resources

1. The State shall develop artificial intelligence human resources in a comprehensive manner, ensuring transferral between educational grades and training levels, thereby forming a high-quality workforce for research, development, application and management of artificial intelligence.

2. General education shall integrate basic contents on artificial intelligence, computational thinking, digital skills, and technological ethics into the compulsory curriculum; and facilitate experiential, research and creative activities in the field of artificial intelligence.

3. Vocational education institutions and higher education institutions are encouraged to develop training programmes in artificial intelligence, data science, and related majors; and to cooperate with enterprises, research institutes and international organisations in training, internship, research and technology transfer.

4. The State shall organise the implementation of the National Programme on development of artificial intelligence human resources, including policies on training, grant of scholarships, attraction and employment of experts, and development of a contingent of lecturers, scientists and management personnel in the field of artificial intelligence.

5. Organisations, training institutions, research institutes and enterprises that participate in the development of artificial intelligence human resources are entitled to incentives and preferential mechanisms as provided by law, and shall coordinate with one another in training, research and application, and professional practice, linking training with practical needs.

6. Higher education institutions, research institutes and innovation centres shall cooperate, share knowledge, and participate in national and international networks for training, research and development of artificial intelligence human resources.

7. The Ministry of Education and Training shall assume the prime responsibility for formulating and submitting to the Prime Minister for promulgation the National Programme on development of artificial intelligence human resources, which shall specify standards, recognise training programmes, and provide mechanisms for mobilising resources and preferential policies for participating organisations and individuals.

Article 24. Development of artificial intelligence clusters

1. An artificial intelligence cluster means a cooperation network between enterprises, research institutes, universities and related organisations, organised to strengthen linkages in terms of functions, artificial intelligence infrastructure, and physical space to promote innovation, artificial intelligence development, and competitiveness.

2. The State shall promote the development of artificial intelligence clusters following a model that combines concentrated physical spaces with digital linkage networks, thereby establishing cluster centres in hi-tech parks, digital technology parks, and innovation centres; and attract organisations and individuals to invest in building technical infrastructure serving operation of these clusters, including laboratories, testing and inspection centres, and other support facilities meeting national and international standards.

3. Organisations and individuals that are members of recognised artificial intelligence clusters are entitled to the following incentives:

a/ Priority access to and use of national artificial intelligence infrastructure, shared data and testing platforms at preferential costs;

b/ Support for participation in human resource training programmes, trade promotion, and science, technology and innovation tasks in the key sectors.

4. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on criteria and procedures for recognition and the operational mechanism of artificial intelligence clusters, and the incentives specified in Clause 3 of this Article.

Article 25. Support for enterprises in the field of artificial intelligence

1. Innovative startups and small- and medium-sized enterprises may be provided with support for conformity assessment costs in accordance with this Law, and with free-of-charge sample dossiers, self-assessment tools, training and consultancy; and given priority to receive support from the National Artificial Intelligence Development Fund.

2. Innovative startups, small- and medium-sized enterprises, science and technology organisations, and research groups that have feasible innovation projects may be provided with support vouchers to use computing infrastructure, shared data, large language models for Vietnamese and ethnic minority languages, training and testing platforms, and technical consultancy services for research, development and deployment of artificial intelligence applications.

3. Enterprises with research, development and innovation capacity in the field of artificial intelligence may be given priority for participating in the performance of tasks under national science, technology and innovation programmes, hi-tech development tasks prioritised for investment, strategic technologies, and key digital technology products and services; and may be provided with support for developing core technologies, foundation models, hardware, and high-performance training technologies in line with the national artificial intelligence capacity development orientations.

4. Enterprises that participate in artificial intelligence testing under the sandbox mechanism may be provided with support in technical consultancy, risk assessment, safety testing and connections to testing and inspection facilities in accordance with law.

5. Enterprises that share data, models, tools or research outcomes for artificial intelligence development are entitled to incentives or support as provided by law, ensuring compliance with the laws on data, personal data protection, and intellectual property.

6. The State shall promote cooperation among enterprises, research institutes, universities and innovation centres to develop artificial intelligence technology, commercialise research outcomes, and expand innovation capacity; and encourage enterprises to make long-term investments in artificial intelligence research and development.

7. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on mechanisms, policies, conditions and procedures for providing support for enterprises in the field of artificial intelligence.

Chapter V

ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES

Article 26. National framework of artificial intelligence ethics

1. The national framework of artificial intelligence ethics shall be issued on the following principles:

a/ Ensuring safety and reliability and preventing harm to human life, health, honour, dignity, and spiritual life;

b/ Respecting human rights and citizens’ rights, and guaranteeing fairness, transparency and non-discrimination in the development and use of artificial intelligence;

c/ Promoting well-being, prosperity and sustainable development for humanity, communities, and society;

d/ Promoting innovation and social responsibility in research, development and application of artificial intelligence.

2. The national framework of artificial intelligence ethics shall be reviewed and updated periodically or when there are major changes in technology, law and management practices.

3. The national framework of artificial intelligence ethics serves as a guiding basis for formulation of standards, technical regulations, professional guidelines and policies to promote the development of safe, reliable and responsible artificial intelligence.

4. The State shall encourage organisations and individuals to apply the national framework of artificial intelligence ethics in the course of research, development, provision, deployment and use of artificial intelligence systems in order to ensure transparency, fairness, safety, and respect for human rights.

5. The Minister of Science and Technology shall issue the national framework of artificial intelligence ethics in accordance with Clause 1 of this Article.

Article 27. Ethical responsibility and impact assessment upon the application of artificial intelligence in the state management and public service provision

1. The use of artificial intelligence systems in the state management and public service provision must ensure openness, transparency and responsibility for compliance with the national framework of artificial intelligence ethics.

2. Artificial intelligence systems do not replace the authority and decision-making responsibility of decision-makers as specified by law. Decision-makers shall review and use the results provided by artificial intelligence systems.

3. Agencies operating artificial intelligence systems that are high-risk ones or have significant impacts on human rights, social justice or public interests shall prepare impact assessment reports on the use of such systems; such a report must include the identification of risks, control measures, and assurance of the ability for human supervision and intervention.

4. Agencies preparing impact assessment reports shall be held responsible for the contents, truthfulness and completeness of such reports, which shall be publicised in accordance with law, except contents classified as state secrets, business secrets or personal data.

5. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on contents of, and procedures and responsibility for, impact assessment, risk management, and supervision of the use of artificial intelligence systems in the state management and public service provision.

Chapter VI

INSPECTION, EXAMINATION, AND HANDLING OF VIOLATIONS

Article 28. Inspection and examination

1. Inspection activities in the field of artificial intelligence shall be carried out in accordance with the law on inspection.

2. Agencies and organisations assigned to perform the function of state management of artificial intelligence shall examine the compliance with law by organisations and individuals in their artificial intelligence activities.

3. In the course of inspection and examination, related organisations and individuals are obliged to provide technical dossiers, trace logs, training data, and other necessary information in order to identify causes of violations or incidents or to define responsibility; the provision of information must comply with the laws on the protection of state secrets, data, protection of personal data, and intellectual property.

4. Inspection and examination conclusions and decisions on sanctioning of administrative violations shall be publicised in accordance with law.

Article 29. Handling of violations and liability for compensation for damage

1. Organisations and individuals that commit violations of this Law and other relevant regulations concerning artificial intelligence shall, depending on the nature, severity and consequences of their violations, be sanctioned for administrative violations or examined for penal liability; if causing damage, they shall pay compensation in accordance with the civil law.

2. In case a high-risk artificial intelligence system is managed, operated and used in accordance with regulations but damage still arises, the deployer shall be liable to pay compensation to the aggrieved party. After paying compensation, the deployer may request the provider, developer, or related parties to reimburse the compensated amount if there is an agreement between the parties.

3. Liability for compensation for damage specified in Clause 2 of this Article shall be exempted in the following cases:

a/ The damage occurs entirely due to intentional fault of the aggrieved party;

b/ The damage occurs in case of force majeure events or emergency situations, unless otherwise provided by law.

4. In case an artificial intelligence system is infiltrated, unlawfully controlled by, or unlawfully interfered with by a third party, the third party shall pay compensation for damage. In case the deployer or provider is at fault for allowing the system to be infiltrated, unlawfully controlled by or interfered with, it/he/she shall be jointly liable for compensation in accordance with the civil law.

5. The Government shall issue detailed regulations on the sanctioning of administrative violations caused by artificial intelligence systems.

Chapter VII

STATE MANAGEMENT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Article 30. Contents of and responsibility for state management of artificial intelligence

1. Contents of state management of artificial intelligence include:

a/ Formulating and promulgating, and organising the implementation of, strategies, policies, programmes and legal documents on artificial intelligence;

b/ Promulgating, and organising the implementation of, standards and technical regulations on artificial intelligence;

c/ Managing, coordinating, and developing national artificial intelligence infrastructure;

d/ Managing and supervising artificial intelligence activities;

dd/ Publicly communicating and disseminating policies and laws on artificial intelligence; making statistics and reports, and conducting scientific research and international cooperation on artificial intelligence;

e/ Inspecting, examining, handling violations, and settling artificial intelligence-related disputes, complaints and denunciations.

2. Responsibility for state management of artificial intelligence:

a/ The Government shall perform the unified state management of artificial intelligence;

b/ The Ministry of Science and Technology shall act as the focal agency responsible to the Government for performing the state management of artificial intelligence nationwide;

c/ Ministries and ministerial-level agencies shall, within the ambit of their functions, tasks and powers, coordinate with the Ministry of Science and Technology in performing the state management of artificial intelligence;

d/ Provincial-level People’s Committees shall perform the state management of artificial intelligence in their localities.

Article 31. Principles for provision of information and data for state management

1. Competent state agencies, organisations and individuals assigned to perform state management activities in accordance with this Law shall ensure the confidentiality of information, data and business secrets provided during the performance of tasks, including technical dossiers, training data, source codes, and algorithms in accordance with law.

2. Requests for organisations and individuals to provide information and data must be necessary, proportionate, and suitable for the scope, purpose and contents of state management activities.

3. The security and confidentiality of provided information and data must be ensured in accordance with law.

Article 32. International cooperation

1. International cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence shall be carried out in accordance with the law on science and technology, the law on technology transfer, other relevant regulations, and treaties to which the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is a contracting party.

2. The State shall promote international cooperation on the sharing of high-performance computing infrastructure, data, human resources, scientific research, and the recognition of conformity assessment results in accordance with this Law.

Chapter VIII

IMPLEMENTATION PROVISIONS

Article 33. Annulment of a number of chapters, articles, clauses and points of Law No. 71/2025/QH15 on the Digital Technology Industry

To annul Clause 9, Article 3; Clause 7, Article 4; Clause 6, Article 12; Point dd, Clause 2, Article 34; and Chapter IV of the Law on the Digital Technology Industry.

Article 34. Effect

This Law takes effect on March 1, 2026, except the relevant provisions of Article 35 of this Law.

Article 35. Transitional provisions

1. For artificial intelligence systems put into operation before the effective date of this Law, providers and deployers shall perform their compliance obligations specified in this Law within:

a/ Eighteen months from the effective date of this Law, for artificial intelligence systems in the fields of healthcare, education and finance;

b/ Twelve months from the effective date of this Law, for artificial intelligence systems not falling into the case specified in Point a of this Clause.

2. Within the time limits specified in Clause 1 of this Article, artificial intelligence systems may continue to operate, unless the state management agency in charge of artificial intelligence determines that such systems are likely to cause serious damage and therefore has the right to request the suspension or termination of their operation.

This Law was passed on December 10, 2025, by the 15 National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 10 session.

Chairman of the National Assembly
TRAN THANH MAN