LAW

AMENDING AND SUPPLEMENTING A NUMBER OF ARTICLES OF THE LAW ON JUDICIAL RECORDS

Pursuant to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, which had a number of articles amended and supplemented under Resolution No. 203/2025/QH15;

The National Assembly promulgates the Law Amending and Supplementing a number of Articles of the Law on Judicial Records No. 28/2009/QH12, which was amended and supplemented under Law No 68/2020/QH14.

             Article 1. To amend and supplement number of articles of the Law on Judicial Records

1. To amend and supplement a number of clauses of Article 2 as follows:

a) To add Clause 1a after Clause 1 as follows:

“1a. Judicial record information includes judicial record information on previous criminal conviction and judicial record information on ban on holding of certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives as prescribed in Clauses 2 and 3 of this Article.”;

b) To add Clause 4a after Clause 4 as follows:

“4a. A judicial record database means a collection of individuals’ judicial record information and information on personal identification numbers or passport numbers in case where no personal identification number is available, family names, middle names and first names as stated in the birth certificates, pseudonyms, dates of birth, sex, places of birth registration, nationalities, ethnicities, places of residence; family names, middle names and first names of their parents and spouses.”;

c) To amend and supplement Clause 5 as follows:

“5. Agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards include the Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security and police departments of provinces and cities (hereinafter referred to as provincial-level Police departments).”.

2. To amend and supplement Clause 4, Article 3 as follows:

          “4. Supporting the management of cadres, civil servants, and public employees, and the settlement of administrative procedures.”.

3. To amend and supplement Article 7 as follows:

          “Article 7. Requests for issuance of Judicial record cards and provision of judicial record information; use of Judicial record cards and judicial record information

          1. Vietnamese citizens and foreigners who resided or are currently residing in Vietnam and aged full 16 years or older may request a competent agency to issue their Judicial record cards.

          2. Procedure-conducting agencies may request agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards to provide judicial record information for the investigation, prosecution, and adjudication work.

3. State agencies, political organizations, and  the Committee of Vietnam Fatherland Front at all levels may request agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards to provide judicial record information to support the management of cadres, civil servants, and public employees, and the settlement of administrative procedures.

4. Judicial record information and Judicial record cards shall be managed and used under the law on personal data protection applicable to sensitive personal data. Agencies, organizations, and individuals shall not request other individuals to provide Judicial record cards No. 2 as prescribed in Article 43 of this Law.

5. Agencies, organizations and individuals shall not request other individuals to provide judicial record information or Judicial record cards No. 1, except for cases where laws and resolutions of the National Assembly, ordinances and resolutions of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly, or decrees and resolutions of the Government stipulate the use of judicial record information to serve the recruitment, issuance of licenses, and practice certificates for occupations or positions related to national defense, national security, social order and safety, public health or for protecting the interests of the State, the lawful and legitimate rights and interests of individuals when participating in civil or commercial transactions directly involving vulnerable groups in society.”.

4. To amend and supplement Article 9 as follows:

 “Article 9. State management of judicial records

1. The Government shall perform the unified state management of judicial records.

2. The Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuracy shall coordinate with the Government in performing the state management of judicial records.

3. The Ministry of Public Security shall assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuracy, the Ministry of National Defence, and the Ministry of Justice in prescribing coordination in carrying out procedures for the retrieval, exchange, and provision of judicial record information and verification of conditions of automatic conviction remission as prescribed in the Penal Code.”.

5. To amend and supplement Article 10 as follows:

“Article 10. Fees for provision of judicial record information

1. Agencies, organizations, and individuals shall not pay fees for provision of judicial record information in the following cases:

a) Agencies and organizations requesting the provision of judicial record information in accordance with Clauses 2 and 3, Article 7 of this Law;

b) Individuals using judicial record information displayed on the National Identification Application.

2. Individuals requesting the issuance of Judicial record cards shall pay fees for provision of judicial record information.

3. The rates, collection, remittance, management, and use of fees for provision of judicial record information shall comply with the law on fees and charges.”.

6. To amend and supplement Article 11 as follows:

“Article 11. Judicial record databases

1. Judicial record databases shall be centrally and uniformly developed at the Ministry of Public Security.

2. Judicial record databases shall be connected to and shared information with the National Population Database, specialized databases, and other relevant databases in accordance with law.

3. Judicial record databases shall be developed in compliance with information technology standards and technical regulations and techno-economic norms, ensuring stable and continuous operation; ensuring information security and safety, personal data protection; and facilitating the collection, updating, modification, exploitation, and use of data.

4. The Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of National Defence, the Supreme People’s Procuracy and the Supreme People’s Court shall be responsible for collecting, developing, and updating the databases under their management and connecting, sharing data, and providing fully and promptly originals, copies or electronic versions of information sources as prescribed in Articles 15 and 36 of this Law to the Ministry of Public Security for the development, management, and exploitation of the judicial record databases.

5. The Government shall detail this Article.”.

7. To amend and supplement Article 12 as follows:

“Article 12. Tasks of agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards in managing judicial record databases

1. To develop, manage, exploit, use, and protect judicial record databases.

2. To receive, update, and process judicial record information provided by relevant agencies and organizations under this Law.

3. To compile judicial records and issue Judicial record cards and provide judicial record information according to its competence.

4. To observe the statistical and reporting regime in managing, receiving, updating, exploiting and using judicial record databases.

5. The Minister of Public Security shall detail this Article.”.

8. To amend and supplement Article 15 as follows:

“Article 15. Sources of judicial record information on previous criminal convictions

Judicial record information on previous criminal convictions comes from the following sources:

1. First-instance criminal judgments which have taken legal effect and appellate criminal judgments;

2. Cassation or re-opening rulings on criminal cases; rulings on cessation of the appellate trial; rulings on releasing defendants; rulings on combination of sentences;

3. Rulings on criminal judgment enforcement;

4. Rulings on postponement or suspension of execution of imprisonment sentences, or conditional parole; rulings on revocation of the rulings on postponement or suspension of execution of imprisonment sentences, or conditional parole; rulings on exemption from serving penalties; rulings on exemption from sentence execution or reduction of the duration of sentence execution; rulings on reducing the probation period for persons given suspended sentences, or granted conditional parole; rulings on compelling persons given suspended sentences to serve imprisonment sentences; rulings on extending the duration of expulsion;

5. Rulings on exemption from or reduction of the obligation to pay state budget remittances in executing a judgment;

6. Certificates of completed execution of penalties; written notices of results of enforcement of the expulsion penalty;

7. Rulings on imposition of fines, confiscation of assets, collection of court fees and other civil obligations of convicts; certificates of judgment enforcement results; written notices of judgment enforcement completion in case convicts have fulfilled their obligations;

8. Rulings on termination of judgment enforcement;

9. Rulings on commutation of the death penalty; rulings on commutation of the death penalty to life imprisonment;

10. Certificates of special reprieve or amnesty;

11. Rulings on remission of previous criminal conviction;

12. Excerpts of judgments or previous criminal convictions of Vietnamese citizens, provided by competent foreign agencies to the Supreme People’s Procuracy under treaties on mutual legal assistance in criminal affairs or under the reciprocity principle;

13. Documents of Vietnamese competent agencies sent to foreign agencies to request extradition for criminal prosecution or judgment execution; extradition rulings of competent foreign agencies; documents on the receipt and police escort of the extradited persons from foreign countries to Vietnam; notification of rulings on penalty exemption or commutation, special reprieve or amnesty by transferring countries for persons who are serving an imprisonment penalty;

14. Rulings on implementation of rulings on extradition; rulings on the transfer of persons who are serving an imprisonment penalty in Vietnam at the request of competent foreign agencies;

15. Other documents having probative value for verifying information on an individual’s previous criminal convictions.”.

9. To amend and supplement Article 16 as follows:

“Article 16. Tasks of courts in providing judicial record information on previous criminal convictions

1. A court having conducted the first-instance trial of a case shall provide the following documents to the provincial-level Police department in the locality where the court is headquartered:

a) Excerpt of the legally effective first-instance criminal judgment;

b) Excerpt of the appellate criminal judgment;

c) Cassation or re-opening criminal ruling;

d) Rulings on releasing defendants

dd) Rulings on combination of sentences;

e) Rulings on commutation of the death penalty; rulings on commutation of the death penalty to life imprisonment;

g) Rulings on criminal judgment enforcement;

h) Rulings on postponement of execution of imprisonment sentences;

i) Rulings on remission of previous criminal conviction;

2. A court having issued rulings shall provide the following documents to the provincial-level Police department in the locality where the court is headquartered:

a) Rulings on cessation of the appellate trial;

b) Rulings on exemption from sentence execution; ruling on exemption from penalty execution;

c) Rulings on reduction of the duration of sentence execution;

d) Rulings on suspension of the execution of imprisonment sentences;

dd) Rulings on termination of the judgment enforcement;

e) Rulings on conditional parole;

g) Rulings on revocation of rulings on postponement of execution of imprisonment sentences;

h) Rulings on revocation of rulings on suspension of execution of imprisonment sentences;

i) Rulings on revocation of rulings on conditional parole;

k) Rulings on reducing the probation period for persons given suspended sentences or granted parole;

l) Rulings on compelling persons given suspended sentences to serve the imprisonment sentences;

m) Rulings on exemption from or reduction of the obligation to pay state budget remittances in executing a judgment;

n) Documents on receipt and police escort the extradited persons from foreign countries to Vietnam specified in Clause 13, Article 15 of this Law;

o) Rulings on implementation of rulings on extradition; rulings on implementation of rulings on transfer of persons who are serving an imprisonment penalty in Vietnam at the request of competent foreign authorities;

3. The time limit for sending an excerpt of a judgment or ruling specified in Clauses 1 and 2 of this Article is 05 working days after that judgment or ruling takes legal effect or after the time the court that conducted the first-instance trial receives the judgment or ruling prescribed at Points b and c, Clause 1 of this Article.

4. Contents of an excerpt of a judgment prescribed at Points a and b, Clause 1 of this Article include:

a) Family name, middle name and first name, pseudonym, sex, date of birth, place of birth registration, nationality, ethnicity, personal identification number or passport number in case where no personal identification number is available, place of residence of the convict, family names, middle names and first names of his/her parents and spouse;

b) Date of pronouncement and serial number of the judgment; the court that has pronounced the judgment; the committed crime and applicable articles and clauses of law; principal and additional penalties; rulings of judgments regarding judicial measures and civil obligations indicated in the criminal judgment, and the court fee.”.

10. To amend and supplement Article 19 as follows:

“Article 19. Tasks of the Central Military Court in providing judicial record information on previous criminal convictions

The Central Military Court shall provide judicial record information on previous criminal convictions of the persons convicted by military courts  specified in Clauses 1 through 11 of Article 15 of this Law, to the Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security within 05 working days after that judgments or rulings take legal effect, or that rulings or certificates are issued.”.

11. To amend and supplement Article 26 as follows:

“Article 26. Compilation of judicial records

1. Agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards shall compile judicial records in the following cases:

a) Receiving judicial record information on previous criminal convictions provided by courts;

b) Receiving documents that convicted persons have been extradited for judgment enforcement or transferred for execution of an imprisonment penalty in Vietnam;

c) Receiving copies of excerpts of judgments or excerpts of previous criminal convictions of Vietnamese citizens from the Supreme People’s Procuracy.

2. Judicial records shall be compiled on the basis of sources of judicial record information on previous criminal convictions specified in Article 15 of this Law.

3. A judicial record shall be compiled for each convict with the following details:

a) Family name, middle name and first name, pseudonym, sex, date of birth, place of birth registration, nationality, ethnicity, personal identification number or passport number in case where no personal identification number is available, place of residence of the convict, family names, middle names and first names of his/her parents and spouse;

b) Date of pronouncement and serial number of the judgment; the court that has pronounced the judgment; the committed crime and applicable articles and clauses of law; principal and additional penalties; rulings of judgments regarding judicial measures and civil obligations indicated in the criminal judgment, and the court fee;

c) Status of judgment execution.

4. In case a person has been convicted of more than one crime and his/her penalties have been summed up under the Penal Code, his/her judicial record must clearly indicate each crime he/she had committed, applicable article(s) and clause(s) of law and common penalty for these crimes.”.

12. To amend and supplement Article 27 as follows:

“Article 27. Updating of judicial record information on previous criminal convictions in case the court issues rulings on postponement or suspension of sentence execution, conditional parole; exemption from sentence execution, reduction of the duration of sentence execution; reducing the probation period; or compelling persons given suspended sentences to serve the imprisonment sentences

In case the judicial record of a person has been compiled but later a court issues a ruling specified in Clause 4, Article 15 of this Law, agency competent to issue Judicial record card shall update such information in his/her judicial record.”.

13. To amend and supplement Article 33 as follows:

“Article 33. Provision, receipt and updating of information on new criminal acts committed by convicts and updating of information in case convicts have their previous criminal convictions remitted

1. Information relating to new criminal acts of the convicted persons includes:

a)  Rulings on initiation of criminal proceedings against the accused, rulings on supplementation or change rulings on initiation of criminal proceedings against the accused, which have been approved by procuracies;

b) Rulings on cessation of investigation of criminal cases against the accused, rulings on cessation of investigation of the accused;

c) Rulings on resumption of investigation of the accused;

d) Pursuit warrants, rulings on termination of pursuit;

dd) Ruling on cessation of the case for the accused or defendants;

e) Ruling on resumption of the case for the accused or defendants;

2. Courts, People’s Procuracies, and investigation agencies shall provide information on new criminal acts of the convicted persons in the form of originals, copies or electronic versions and connect to and share data with agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards, as follows:

a) Courts having conducted first-instance trials of cases shall provide the information specified at Point dd, Clause 1 of this Article to the provincial-level Police department in the locality where such courts are headquartered; the Central Military Court shall provide the information specified at Point dd, Clause 1 of this Article to the Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security;

b) The Supreme People’s Procuracy, military procuracies at all levels, the Security Investigation Agency under the Ministry of Public Security, the Police Investigation Agency under the Ministry of Public Security, the Investigation Agency of the Supreme People’s Procuracy, and investigation agencies in the People’s Army shall provide to the Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security the rulings specified in Clause 1 of this Article issued by themselves or by agencies assigned to conduct certain investigative activities;

c) Provincial-level People’s Procuracies, regional People’s Procuracies, Security Investigation Agencies of the provincial-level Police departments, and Police Investigation Agencies of provincial-level Police departments shall provide to the provincial-level Police departments where such procuracies or investigation agencies are headquartered the rulings specified in Clause 1 of this Article issued by themselves or by agencies assigned to conduct certain investigative activities;

d) The time limit for provision of information is 05 working days after these rulings are issued or received from the agencies assigned to conduct certain investigative activities.

3. Agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards shall update information in case convicted persons have their previous criminal convictions remitted under the Penal Code as follows:

a) In case a convicted person has completed execution of the principal penalty or completed the probation period of a suspended sentence, has fully executed the additional penalties, other rulings of the judgment, or the statute of limitations for judgment execution has expired, withoutcommitting new criminal acts within the period for automatic remission of previous criminal conviction under the Penal Code, the competent agency shall update his/her judicial record with the entry “previous criminal conviction remitted”;

b) In case a convicted person has his/her previous criminal conviction remitted by a court ruling under the Penal Code and the Criminal Procedure Code, the competent agency shall update his/her judicial record with the entry “previous criminal conviction remitted.”.

14. To amend and supplement Article 37 as follows:

“Article 37. Provision and receipt of judicial record information on ban on holding of certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives

1. The court that has issued a ruling on declaration of bankruptcy of an enterprise or a cooperative shall provide an excerpt of the bankruptcy declaration ruling, which includes contents on ban individuals from holding of certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives, in the form of an original, a certified copy, or an electronic copy, and shall connect and share data with the provincial-level Police department in the locality where the court is headquartered within 5 working days after the ruling takes legal effect.

2. Contents of an excerpt of a ruling on declaration of bankruptcy include:

a) Family name, middle name and first name as stated in the birth certificate, pseudonym, sex, date of birth, place of birth registration, nationality, ethnicity, personal identification number or passport number in case where no personal identification number is available, and place of residence, of the person banned on holding certain posts, establishing or managing enterprises or cooperatives;

b) Posts subject to the ban and the duration of the ban on holding certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives.

3. The provincial-level Police department shall receive judicial record information on ban on holding of certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives provided by courts in accordance with the Minister of Public Security’s regulations.”.

15. To amend and supplement Article 38 as follows:

“Article 38. Compilation of judicial records and updating of information on ban on holding of certain posts, establishment or management of enterprises or cooperatives

In case a person banned on holding certain posts or establishing or managing enterprises or cooperatives has no judicial record, the provincial-level Police department in the locality where the court issuing the bankruptcy declaration ruling is headquartered shall compile a judicial record; in case a judicial record has been compiled, the information shall be updated in his/her judicial record in accordance with the court ruling.”.

16. To amend and supplement the title of Chapter IV as follows:

“Chapter IV

ISSUANCE OF JUDICIAL RECORD CARDS TO INDIVIDUALS AND PROVISION OF JUDICIAL RECORD INFORMATION TO AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS”.

17. To amend and supplement Article 41 as follows:

“Article 41. Judicial record cards

1. Judicial record cards which shall be issued to individuals specified in Clause 1, Article 7 of this Law include Judicial record card No. 1 and Judicial record card No. 2.

2. Judicial record cards which shall be issued in electronic or paper form shall have equal legal validity.

3. In case an electronic judicial record card has been issued under this Law, judicial record information shall be concurrently displayed on the National Identification Application and have the same legal validity as a judicial record card. Judicial record information displayed on the National Identification Application shall be updated for individuals’ use upon request without requiring the issuance of a judicial record card.

4. The Minister of Public Security shall prescribe the form of Judicial record cards and the method of displaying judicial record information on the National Identification Application.”.

18. To amend and supplement Article 45 as follows:

“Article 45. Procedures for requesting the issuance of Judicial record cards

1. Individuals shall request the issuance of Judicial record cards online.

Foreigners and persons who do not yet have electronic identification may request the issuance of Judicial record cards in person or via postal services.

2. Requests for the issuance of Judicial record cards shall be carried out as follows:

a) In case of an online request, it shall be carried out via the National Identification Application or the National Public Service Portal;

b) In case of a request via postal services, the application shall be sent together with a certification of the requester’s signature in accordance with law;

c) In case of an in-person request, the application shall be submitted to the agency competent to issue Judicial record cards.

3. Individuals may request the issuance of Judicial record cards for their parents, spouses, children or persons under their guardianship. Such requests shall comply with Clause 2 of this Article.

4. Individuals may authorize other persons to carry out procedures for requesting the issuance of Judicial record cards. The authorization must be established in writing in accordance with law and the request for issuance of Judicial record cards shall comply with Points b and c of Clause 2 of this Article.”.

19. To amend and supplement Article 48 as follows:

“Article 48. Issuance of Judicial record cards

1. In cases of request under Point a, Clause 2 of Article 45 of this Law, Judicial record cards shall be issued in electronic form.

In cases of request under Points b and c, Clause 2 of Article 45 of this Law, Judicial record cards shall be issued in paper form.

2. The time limit for issuance of a judicial record card is 05 working days after the receipt of a valid request; in cases of having information on previous criminal convictions or new criminal acts requiring verification, the time limit for issuance of a judicial record card may be extended but shall not exceed 15 days.”.

20. To add Section 3 to Chapter IV as follows:

 “Section 3

PROVISION OF JUDICIAL RECORD INFORMATION AT THE REQUEST OF AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Article 50a. Contents of judicial record information to be provided

Judicial record information provided at the request of procedure-conducting agencies shall include the contents as prescribed in Article 43 of this Law; judicial record information provided at the request of state agencies, political organizations, and the Committee of Vietnam Fatherland Front at all levels shall include the contents as prescribed in Article 42 of this Law.

Article 50b. Provision of judicial record information

1. When there is a request to use an individual’s judicial record information, agencies and organizations as prescribed in Clauses 2 and 3 of Article 7 of this Law may exploit and use judicial record information through data connection and sharing from judicial record database and the National Population Database; and shall not request individuals to provide Judicial record cards. Judicial record information exploited in accordance with this Clause shall have the same legal validity as Judicial record cards.

2. The Ministry of Public Security shall organize the connection, sharing, and exploitation of judicial record information for requesting agencies and organizations, ensuring proper purposes, information security and safety, and protection of personal data.

3. Agencies and organizations requesting the use of judicial record information shall be responsible for exploiting and using such information for proper purposes, information security and safety, and protection of personal data.”.

21. To amend and supplement Article 52 as follows:

“Article 52. Settlement of complaints

Individuals may request competent agencies to reconsider the issuance of Judicial record cards when they have grounds to believe that the issuance or refusal to issue a judicial record card is unlawful, or that the contents of judicial record information are inaccurate, infringing upon their legitimate rights and interests.

The competence, order, and procedures for the settlement of complaints shall comply with the law on complaints.”.

22. To replace, supplement and annul a number of phrases in articles, clauses, and points as follows:

a) To replace the phrase “The Director of the National Center for Judicial Records” with the phrase “The Director of the Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security” in Clause 3, Article 44;

b) To replace the phrase “The National Center for Judicial Records” with the phrase “The Department of Professional Records under the Ministry of Public Security” in Articles 17, 30, 31, 32, 44 and 47;

c) To replace “Provincial-level Justice Departments” with the phrase “provincial-level Police departments” in Articles 20, 28, 29, 30, 44 and 47;

d) To replace the phrase “serial number of the identity card or passport” with the phrase “personal identification number or passport number in case where no personal identification number is available” in Articles 42 and 43;

dd) To replace the phrase “responsibility for providing judicial record information” with the phrase “responsibility for providing judicial record information to establish the judicial record database” in Article 6;

e) To replace the phrase “completed execution of the penalty” with the phrase “completed execution of the sentence” in Article 30; 

g) To replace the phrase “penalty execution” with the phrase “sentence execution” in Article 32;

h) To replace the phrase “10 days” with the phrase “05 working days” in Articles 17, 20, and 24;

i) To replace the phrase “Full name” before the phrase “sex” with the phrase “Family name, middle name and first name as stated in the birth certificate, pseudonym” in Articles 42 and 43;

k) To replace the phrase “full names of parents and spouse” with the phrase “family names, middle names and first names of parents and spouse” in Article 43;

l) To replace the phrase “agencies managing the judicial record database” with the phrase “agencies competent to issue Judicial record cards” in Articles 2, 6, 24, and 49;

m) To replace the phrase “Clause 11” with the phrase “Clause 7 and 8” in Article 20;

n) To replace the phrase “place of birth, nationality” with the phrase “place of birth registration, nationality, ethnicity” in Articles 42 and 43;

o) To add the phrase “rulings of judgments regarding judicial measures” before the phrase “civil obligations in the criminal judgment” in Clause 2, Article 2 and Point b, Clause 2, Article 43;

p) To remove the phrase “for other persons” and add the phrase “, Clause 4” before the phrase “Article 45” in Clause 2, Article 49;

q) To remove the phrase “,  judgment enforcement agencies of the Ministry of National Defence” in Articles 6 and 24;

r) To remove the phrase “centrally run” in Article 47.

23. To annul Articles 13, 18, 21, 22, 23, Clause 3 Article 24, Article 34, Clause 4 Article 44, Articles 46, 53, and 56.

           Article 2. Effect

          This Law takes effect on July 1, 2026.

Article 3. Transitional provisions

1. The Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuracy, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of National Defence and relevant agencies and organizations shall coordinate with the Ministry of Public Security in organizing the connection and sharing of judicial record data formed before the effective date of this Law, ensuring completion before July 1, 2026, for the development of judicial record databases.

2. Applications for the issuance of Judicial record cards received before the effective date of this Law shall comply with the Law on Judicial Records No. 28/2009/QH12, which was amended and supplemented under Law No. 68/2020/QH14.

This Law was passed on December 5, 2025, by the XV^th National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 10^th session.