Decision 2229/QD-TTg 2025 approving Strategy for development of Vietnam’s logistics services in 2025-2035

DECISION

Approving the Strategy for development of Vietnam’s logistics services in the 2025-2035 period, with a vision toward 2050^[1]

THE PRIME MINISTER

Pursuant to the February 18, 2025 Law on Organization of the Government;

Pursuant to the May 14, 2005 Commercial Law;

Pursuant to the June 12, 2017 Law on Foreign Trade Management;

Pursuant to the Government’s Decree No. 163/2017/ND-CP of December 30, 2017, on the provision of logistics services;

Pursuant to the Government’s Resolution No. 163/NQ-CP of December 16, 2022, on accelerating the synchronous implementation of major tasks and solutions to improve the competitiveness of, and develop, Vietnam’s logistics services;

Pursuant to the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 200/QD-TTg of February 14, 2017, approving the Plan of Action to improve the competitiveness of, and develop, logistics services through 2025, which is amended and supplemented by the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 221/QD-TTg of February 22, 2021;

At the proposal of the Minister of Industry and Trade,

DECIDES:

Article 1. To approve the Strategy for development of Vietnam’s logistics services in the 2025-2035 period, with a vision toward 2050 (below referred to as the Strategy), with the following contents:

I. VIEWPOINTS

1. To develop logistics services into an important economic sector in order to bring into the fullest play capabilities of localities; to promote linkages among economic regions and with the region and the world; to regard logistics services as a driving force and an essential service sector that help boost socio-economic development.

2. To develop logistics services into an economic sector with high added value and high knowledge content that is economically, socially and environmentally efficient and sustainable, and has numerous competitive advantages with the participation of various economic sectors; at the same time, to improve the capacity of enterprises and the quality of logistics service activities to meet the needs for international economic integration, and national industrialization and modernization.

3. To develop logistics services based on prioritizing investment in the development of complete and modern transport, commercial and technological infrastructure facilities for logistics activities, ensuring connectivity of regions in the country and international connectivity; to put logistics services one step ahead in a rapid and sustainable manner in order to lay a foundation for socio-economic development, and national defense and security assurance.

4. To develop logistics services in close association with maximization of the country’s advantages in terms of geographical location and natural conditions, especially its maritime economy potential.

5. To develop logistics services in deep and wide linkages with the global supply and value chains, based on the intensified application of science and technology, innovation, digital transformation, green transition and international integration.

6. To sustainably develop logistics services through building high-quality human resources.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. General objectives

To develop Vietnam’s logistics services in a sustainable and efficient manner and with quality, high added value and competitiveness, thereby bringing into full play Vietnam’s advantages in the global supply and value chains.

2. Specific objectives

For the 2025-2035 period

- The proportion of added value of logistics services in the gross domestic product (GDP) will reach 5%-7%.

- The annual average growth rate of the logistics service sector will be 12%-15%.

-  The percentage of enterprises outsourcing logistics services will reach 70%-80%.

- The ratio of logistics costs to GDP will be reduced to 12%-15%.

- The country’s ranking in the Logistics Performance Index (LPI), published by the World Bank, will be among the top 40 countries and territories.

- Logistics service enterprises applying digital transformation solutions will account for 80% of the total number of Vietnam’s logistics service enterprises.

- Logistics services will develop efficiently toward emission reduction, transiting to green energy sources.

- Seventy percent of workers in the logistics service sector will be trained to possess technical qualifications, with 30% of whom possessing university degree or higher degree.

- At least 5 modern logistics service centers of international stature will be built to serve as hubs for linkage and development with the regional and international supply chains.

For the period through 2050

- The proportion of added value of logistics services in GDP will reach 7%-9%.

- The annual average growth rate of the logistics service sector will be 10%-12%.

-  The percentage of enterprises outsourcing logistics services will reach 80%-90%.

- The ratio of logistics costs to GDP will be reduced to 10%-12%.

- The country’s ranking in LPI (published by the World Bank) will be among the top 30 countries and territories.

- All domestic logistics service enterprises will apply digital transformation solutions.

- Logistics services will continue to develop efficiently toward emission reduction, contributing to achieving the country’s net-zero emission target.

- Ninety percent of workers in the logistics service sector will be trained to possess technical qualifications with 50% of whom possessing university degree or higher degree.

- At least 10 modern logistics service centers of international stature will be built to serve as hubs for linkage and development with the regional and international supply chains.

III. MAJOR ORIENTATIONS

1. To make breakthroughs in the building and improvement of legal institutions in order to improve the business investment environment, encourage economic sectors to participate in the development of logistics services, promote international integration, strengthen the state management work, and improve the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement for logistics services based on the market mechanism as suitable for the country’s economic development level and conformable with international practices and law.

2. To promote investment in the building, formation and development of complete and modern logistics infrastructure, focusing on transport infrastructure, commercial infrastructure, digital infrastructure, environmental protection, disaster preparedness, and climate change adaptation.

3. To promote linkages among sectors, fields, and geographical areas, and with the region and the world in order to meet socio-economic development requirements of each locality, and in intra-region localities, inter-region localities and the whole country at each development stage as a basis for the development of logistics services.

4. To create cargo sources, and develop the logistics market, thereby ensuring the sustainable growth of the logistics service sector.

5. To improve the competitiveness of logistics service enterprises, while raising the quality of, and greenizing, logistics service activities based on digital platforms.

6. To intensify the research and application of scientific and technological achievements and advances, innovation, digital transformation and green transition in the logistics service sector, thus increasing the efficiency of logistics activities linked with production, import and export, and domestic and international circulation and distribution activities.

7. To develop high-quality logistics human resources in order to improve the efficiency and quality of logistics services.

8. To heighten the role of business associations and pioneering enterprises in the logistics service sector, facilitate the formation of modern supply chains, develop diverse logistics services with added value to meet domestic and international demands, thereby turning Vietnam into a global cargo transshipment and distribution center.

IV. SOLUTIONS AND TASKS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

1. Improving legal institutions, enhancing the state management work, and raising the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement for logistics services

- To review, and propose amendments and supplementations to, relevant legal documents in order to improve the legal system, create a uniform and complete legal framework that truthfully reflects practical operations of enterprises, thereby promoting the development of logistics services under plans on restructuring of the sectors and fields of industry, agriculture, commerce, transport and customs, etc., in association with digital transformation, green transition, and development of green, clean and sustainable domestic and international production and circulation-distribution systems.

- To make institutional reforms, improve the business investment environment, reform administrative procedures, establish a fair competitive environment, establish pioneering enterprises, and promote the development of the private economic sector in the provision of logistics services.

- To raise the state management capacity and role, and facilitate the participation of associations in the logistics sector; to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of law enforcement for logistics activities under the market mechanism as suitable to the country’s economic development level and conformable with international practices and law.

- To review the international commitments on logistics services before negotiating amendments and supplementations thereto in order to facilitate trade, import and export, transportation, circulation and distribution, and to promote international integration.

- To review and revise tax- and surcharge-related support and incentive mechanisms and policies in the logistics sector toward ensuring fair and transparent competition, supporting domestic goods production, circulation and distribution, and import and export activities.

- To review and revise support and incentive mechanisms and policies on capital, public investment, promotion of the mobilization of social sources for investment, and land access for logistics service enterprises, thereby facilitating production and business operations, and investment in the construction of a complete and modern logistics infrastructure system.

- To review and revise mechanisms and policies for development of logistics human resources and labor market in terms of scale, quality and structure by field and profession in order to meet international integration requirements.

- To review and improve regulations on electronic documents in the fields of logistics, transportation and cross-border trade.

- To develop and apply the system of national and international standards and technical regulations in logistics activities.

- To formulate a set of criteria for, and carry out, the assessment of national and local logistics competitiveness, and the ranking of logistics service enterprises.

2. Promoting investment in the construction, formation and development of complete and modern logistics infrastructure

- To review and revise master plans on logistics centers associated with development master plans of sectors and fields, such as master plans on transport systems (roads, railways, maritime navigation, inland waterway navigation and airways), master plans on border gates, inland container depots and inland clearance depots, ensuring that areas planned with import-export activities have plans on arrangement of working places for customs offices and sites meeting conditions for customs inspection and supervision under regulations. At the same time, to promote investment in the construction and development of modern, large-scale international-stature logistics centers in key economic locations, economic corridors and border gates, connected with railways, inland waterways, and international airports and seaports.

- To invest in the construction, renovation, upgrading and completion of transport systems and logistics centers to support the development of agricultural product supply chains by road, waterway, railway and air; to develop new and convenient types of transport that are cost-efficient in domestic transportation and logistics; to form production-consumption linkage chains for agricultural products in key raw material areas in order to provide quality, safe and sustainable agricultural products through the system of agricultural product logistics centers.

- To promote investment in the construction and development of free trade zones linked with seaports, airports, border gates, and key goods production areas.

- To focus on completing infrastructure facilities and the business environment capable of facilitating the provision of logistics services for e-commerce, including cross-border e-commerce; to form sorting and picking hubs for goods traded via e-commerce and for order processing based on the application of modern technologies, thereby ensuring fast, uninterrupted and safe handling of cargo with large volume.

- To build and upgrade logistics parks, distribution centers, smart warehouses, and specialized warehouses for agricultural products, chemicals, industrial goods, processed and manufactured goods, and goods traded via e-commerce.

- To promote research, building and application of appropriate urban logistics models in major cities to meet the need for optimal, economical and environmentally friendly goods circulation.

- To plan and allocate reasonable land areas and mobilize all lawful funding sources for focused and accelerated investment in the development of transport infrastructure, commercial infrastructure, border-gate infrastructure, and digital infrastructure serving logistics activities connecting seaports with all regions, areas and localities at home and abroad; to attach importance to investment in the construction and upgrading of the system of seaports, inland waterway ports, inland container depots and transshipment airports for international cargo, and the system of national and international railways.

- To develop a strong national seagoing fleet, focusing on forming a container fleet to meet the needs for cargo transportation to major markets in the world, especially the intra-Asia markets.

- To invest in the building and upgrading of air cargo fleets.

- To promote the development of international transshipment ports in Vietnam.

3. Promoting regional connectivity in the development of logistics services

a/ In the period up to 2035

- To focus on forming and developing driving regions for logistics service growth in the Red River delta, the southeastern region and Central Vietnam to become international-stature logistics service centers, with Hanoi, Hai Phong, Ho Chi Minh City, and Da Nang city as the growth poles of these three driving regions.

- To enhance the connection of transport infrastructure and multimodal transport services among regions and areas in the country, and with the bordering countries and countries in the region and the world, such as: China-Vietnam-Southeast Asia and India-Vietnam-Southeast Asia, connected to the Nanning-Singapore economic corridor.

- To prioritize the development of logistics services and logistics centers linked with the key economic corridors along the eastern North-South axis, including: the Lao Cai-Hanoi-Hai Phong-Quang Ninh corridor; the Lang Son-Bac Ninh-Hanoi corridor; the Quang Tri-Hue-Da Nang corridor connecting to Laos, Thailand and Myanmar; the Ho Chi Minh City-Dong Nai-Tay Ninh corridor; the Can Tho-Vinh Long-An Giang-Dong Thap corridor, and the Gia Lai-Dak Lak-Lam Dong corridor.

b/ In the period after 2035

- To develop the logistics service growth driving region in the Red River delta, embracing: Hai Phong city, Hanoi city, the localities along national highways 1, 5 and 18 through Phu Tho, Bac Ninh, Hung Yen, Ninh Binh and Quang Ninh provinces.

- To develop the logistics service growth driving region in the southeastern region, embracing: Ho Chi Minh City and the localities along national highways 1, 13, 22 and 51 through Tay Ninh and Dong Nai provinces.

- To gradually turn the northern midland and mountainous region, the Central Highlands, and the northern Central Vietnam (Thanh Hoa, Nghe An and Ha Tinh provinces), and the southern Central Vietnam (Gia Lai, Khanh Hoa and Lam Dong provinces) into strong logistics service centers connected to the region and the world.

- To develop the logistics service growth driving region in Central Vietnam, embracing coastal areas of the provinces and centrally run cities of Da Nang city, Hue city, and Quang Tri and Quang Ngai provinces.

- To develop the logistics service growth driving region in the Mekong River delta, embracing: Can Tho city, and An Giang, Ca Mau, Vinh Long and Dong Thap provinces linked with areas connecting expressways and inland waterways.

4. Building cargo sources and developing the logistics market

- To make breakthroughs in investment attraction policies, and promote the development production and business activities in general; to attach importance to formulating specific mechanisms to attract large-scale global manufacturing companies to invest in the development of manufacturing plants in Vietnam.

- To attract giant and multinational corporations to invest in logistics service development projects, giving priority to large-scale projects applying modern technologies and capable of participating in global supply chains.

- To concentrate efforts on studying, building and improving regulations and policies on development of non-tariff zones and free trade zones, thereby building non-tariff zones and free trade zones linked with transshipment ports, airports and economic corridors, serving as an important foundation to attract transshipped cargo sources.

- To make the best use of the central position of the two economic corridors of China-Vietnam-Southeast Asia and India-Vietnam-Southeast Asia; to call upon global goods distribution corporations to choose Vietnam for building regional distribution centers.

- To participate in policy dialogue forums, and enter into bilateral and multilateral cooperation on the development of logistics services in order to expand markets, and create opportunities for connection and diversification of business operations of logistics service enterprises.

- To step up trade and investment promotion, trade connection, participation in fairs, exhibitions and market surveys, and to proactively host logistics-related international events, conferences, seminars, fairs and exhibitions, thereby attracting shippers and promoting e-commerce application in order to develop and expand domestic and international markets; to build Vietnam into a connection and trading center for logistics services; to formulate a mechanism for effective coordination with the tourism, hotel and international event organization sectors in attracting networks, associations, and international logistics and trade organizations to organize conferences and forums in Vietnam.

- To support and promote the development of specialized logistics services for agricultural products, industrial goods, and processed and manufactured goods; logistics services for special, oversized and overweight cargoes, and logistics services for export and cross-border e-commerce; at the same time, to promote the development of cross-border cargo transshipment and transit services.

5. Improving the competitiveness of logistics service enterprises and the quality of logistics services

- To support the establishment and development of various types of internationally competitive logistics service enterprises, diversify logistics services, raise the ability to fulfill contract performance orders in terms of time, scale, quality and price, and provide 4PL and 5PL package services; at the same time, to support logistics service enterprises in establishing their agency systems, gradually setting up representative offices and branches abroad.

- To enhance the effective management of supply chains in order to develop value-added logistics services.

- To improve the quality of supply services, expand and diversify types of logistics services, proceeding to provide integrated logistics services and logistics services with high added value.

- To raise the capacity for negotiation, signing and performance of contracts, and resolution of disputes related to logistics activities.

- To build, consolidate and develop cooperative relationships for development of logistics services at various levels (national, local, association and enterprise) through efficiently realizing the commitments in the free trade agreements.

- To strengthen connectivity, cooperation and linkage of logistics activities between foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, and among areas, and with the region and the world, proceeding to make offshore investment and export logistics services.

- To provide enterprises with more information on regulations, policies, requirements, demands and opportunities concerning domestic and international logistics markets.

6. Intensifying research, innovation, digital transformation and green transition in the logistics service sector

- To promote innovation, linkage and cooperation with large foreign logistics service enterprises in order to acquire, build and develop digital platform ecosystems, and apply, transfer and master new technologies and high technologies in the logistics sector; to form a number of strong logistics research centers; to develop technological solutions in order to optimize cargo movement routes, automate transportation and warehousing processes, shorten time and reduce costs for administrative procedures.

- To form and develop the logistics service technology market, and develop the network of intermediary organizations of the science and technology market, and the technology database system to assist logistics service enterprises.

- To step up the modernization of the customs system, and promote digital platform-based transparency of customs procedures in order to facilitate import and export activities and the provision of logistics services.

- To promote the development of logistics services under plans on restructuring of the sectors and fields of industry, agriculture commerce, transport, customs, etc., in association with digital transformation, green transition, and the development of green, clean and sustainable domestic and international production, circulation and distribution systems.

- To guide and support logistics service enterprises in applying and obtaining green growth and sustainable growth certificates in conformity with national and international standards, ensuring carbon neutrality through emission reduction or carbon credit exchange/offsetting.

- To attach importance to developing internal logistics and reverse logistics in order to improve the efficiency of production activities linked with trade, import-export, and domestic and international circulation and distribution.

- To set orientations for behavioral changes in international trade, linking shipper enterprises with logistics service enterprises.

7. Developing high-quality logistics human resources

- To promulgate a set of professional standards and a national qualifications framework for professional logistics training to meet the needs of logistics service enterprises and state management agencies.

- To diversify forms of high-quality logistics human resource training at primary, intermediate, collegial, tertiary and postgraduate levels to meet international integration requirements; to step up the implementation of schemes in support of high-quality logistics human resource training and professional service provision style.

- To connect Vietnamese training institutions and logistics service enterprises with foreign training institutions, and promote international cooperation to improve training programs at all levels in the logistics sector.

- To intensify digital transformation and application of new technologies in high-quality logistics human resource training and development.

- To focus on training and further training for improvement of capacity of teachers and experts engaged in training activities and logistics service activities.

- To organize more coaching, training and further training activities to improve the awareness and knowledge about logistics for state management agencies, associations and enterprises.

8. Enhancing the role of associations and pioneering enterprises in the logistics service sector

- To enhance the role of line associations and shippers’ associations, especially national and local logistics associations in the logistics service sector, thereby facilitating the formation of modern supply chains, and developing diverse logistics services with added value to meet domestic and international demands.

- To bring into full play the role of national and local logistics associations as bridges between central and local state management agencies and enterprises operating in the logistics sector.

- To support and encourage enterprises of all economic sectors to participate in the development of logistics services, and strengthen connections between foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, thereby creating spillover effects for linkage, cooperation and development.

- To facilitate the establishment of pioneering enterprises with high competitiveness, bold aspiration for innovation, readiness for penetration into foreign markets, and provision of support for other enterprises in the logistics sector to develop.

- To promote cooperation among enterprises in the logistics sector which can be merged to form large, diverse and professional logistics service enterprises.

- To strengthen mechanisms for policy dialogue between the Government, ministries, sectors, localities and associations and enterprises through annual Vietnam Logistics Forums and other mechanisms.

9. Other tasks

- To intensify the public communication about the law on logistics services, thereby raising the awareness of the business community and society about green logistics services and sustainable development.

- To improve information quality and capacity of management agencies for research and forecasting of trends in domestic and international logistics markets through the annually published Vietnam Logistics Reports and other forms of information provision and knowledge dissemination.

- To carry out public communication and mobilization, and organize environmentally friendly logistics activities aiming to gradually raise the awareness about environmental protection, emission reduction and emission neutrality.

- To build the national database on domestic and international logistics service markets, including digital maps of logistics infrastructure.

- To build the national database system on Vietnamese logistics service enterprises and the national logistics service ecosystem (integrated with artificial intelligence and big data analysis technologies).

- To organize the collection of statistics on logistics service indicators and indexes.

- To organize the Vietnam Logistics Day and the Vietnam Logistics Week.

V. SCHEMES AND TASKS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY IN THE 2025-2035 PERIOD

1. In addition to implementing the major solutions and tasks set forth in the Strategy and related tasks assigned under other resolutions, strategies and programs of action of the Government, the ministries, sectors, localities and associations shall assume the prime responsibility for considering the formulation and implementation of schemes and tasks for implementation of the Strategy as assigned in the Appendix to this Decision, ensuring thrift, efficiency, feasibility, and compliance with regulations.

2. In case there are new schemes and projects for which investment policy is decided or approved by the National Assembly or the Government, they shall be added to the List of schemes and tasks for implementation of the Strategy provided in the Appendix to this Decision, concurrently with the order and procedures for investment policy decision or investment policy approval in accordance with law.

VI. FUNDING SOURCES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY

1. Funding for implementation of the Strategy shall be covered by: the central budget and local budgets; enterprises’ funds, official development assistance (ODA), concessional loans, other donation and aid amounts, and other lawfully mobilized funding sources in accordance with law.

State budget funds allocated for the tasks and schemes set forth in the Strategy after they are approved by competent authorities must comply with the provisions on power decentralization of the law on the state budget, the law on public investment, and other relevant laws.

2. Ministries, ministerial-level agencies, government-attached agencies, and provincial-level People’s Committees shall formulate plans on estimates for the implementation of the Strategy, and include these estimates in their annual budget estimates before submission to competent state agencies for approval in accordance with law.

3. To intensify the mobilization of financial resources from domestic and foreign organizations, individuals and enterprises that participate in the implementation of the Strategy in accordance with law; to incorporate the tasks assigned to ministries, sectors, localities and associations in other relevant national target programs.

Article 2. Organization of implementation

1. The Ministry of Industry and Trade shall:

a/ Assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with related ministries, sectors, localities and associations in, organizing the implementation of the Strategy.

b/ Base itself on the major objectives, orientations, solutions and tasks set forth in the Strategy and the schemes and tasks for implementation of the Strategy as approved in this Decision, guide ministries, sectors, provincial-level People’s Committees, and related associations in formulating, promulgating, and organizing the implementation of, plans of action to implement the Strategy according to their functions, tasks and competence, ensuring the conformity with practical conditions of sectors, fields and localities.

c/ Assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with related ministries, sectors, provincial-level People’s Committees and associations in, organizing preliminary reviews, final reviews, and evaluation of the implementation of the Strategy, and report thereon to the Prime Minister; and propose the Prime Minister to decide on adjustments to the Strategy’s objectives and contents when necessary.

2. The Ministry of Finance shall:

a/ Base itself on the state budget-balancing capacity, tasks approved by competent authorities, and proposals of ministries, sectors and localities, to summarize and propose competent authorities to allocate funds for the implementation of the Strategy in accordance with the law on the state budget and relevant legal documents.

b/ Assume the prime responsibility for, and coordinate with related ministries, sectors and localities in, advising on and summarizing mechanisms and policies to attract domestic and foreign investment capital sources for the implementation of the Strategy.

3. Related ministries and sectors shall:

a/ Formulate, promulgate, and organize the implementation of, plans of action to implement the Strategy, clearly identifying schemes and tasks falling within the ambit of their functions and tasks.

b/ Organize the formulation and implementation of the schemes and tasks assigned in the Strategy, ensuring timeliness and effectiveness; base themselves on the set time limits/deadlines and schedule of formulation of schemes and tasks to register schemes into working programs of the Government, the Prime Minister, and their own ministries or sectors for approval and prompt implementation, ensuring efficiency and meeting practical requirements.

c/ Integrate development projects of their sectors or fields, national target programs and other socio-economic development programs with the schemes and tasks set forth in the Strategy for implementation, ensuring efficiency and preventing overlaps and resource waste.

4. Provincial-level People’s Committees shall:

a/ Base themselves on the guidance of the Ministry of Industry and Trade and practical local conditions to formulate, promulgate, and organize the implementation of, local plans of action to implement the Strategy; at the same time, direct related local agencies and units in formulating, and coordinate with ministries and sectors in implementing, master plans, schemes and programs on development of local logistics services on the basis of the schemes and tasks set forth in the Strategy.

b/ Organize the formulation, approval and implementation of schemes and tasks assigned in the Strategy, ensuring timeliness and effectiveness.

c/ To organize and mobilize resources, integrate projects under national target programs and other socio-economic development programs in the localities with the schemes and tasks set forth in the Strategy for implementation, ensuring efficiency and preventing overlaps and resource waste.

5. Related associations and organizations shall base themselves on the guidance of the Ministry of Industry and Trade and practical conditions to promulgate their plans of action to implement the Strategy.

6. Periodical reporting responsibility

Before December 10 every year, ministries, sectors, localities, and related associations and organizations shall send reports on the implementation of the Strategy to the Ministry of Industry and Trade for summarization and reporting to the Prime Minister.

Article 3. This Decision takes effect on the date of its signing.

Article 4. Ministers, heads of ministerial-level agencies, heads of government-attached agencies, chairpersons of provincial-level People’s Committees, and related organizations, units and individuals shall implement this Decision.-

For the Prime Minister
Deputy Prime Minister
BUI THANH SON

Appendix

SCHEMES AND TASKS FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF VIETNAM’S LOGISTICS SERVICES IN THE 2025-2030 PERIOD, WITH A VISION TOWARD 2050

(To the Prime Minister’s Decision No. 2229/QD-TTg of October 9, 2025)